1. Turning Forces Circular, Satellite & Planetary Motion

2. AQA GCSE Specification CIRCULAR MOTION 13.2 What keeps bodies moving in a circle? Using skills, knowledge and understanding of how science works: to identify which force(s) provide(s) the centripetal force in a given situation to interpret data on bodies moving in circular paths. Skills, knowledge and understanding of how science works set in the context of: When a body moves in a circle it continuously accelerates towards the centre of the circle. This acceleration changes the direction of motion of the body, not its speed. The resultant force causing this acceleration is called the centripetal force. The direction of the centripetal force is always towards the centre of the circle. The centripetal force needed to make a body perform circular motion increases as: – the mass of the body increases; – the speed of the body increases; – the radius of the circle decreases. SATELLITE AND PLANETARY MOTION 13.3 What provides the centripetal force for planets and satellites? Using skills, knowledge and understanding of how science works: to interpret data on planets and satellites moving in orbits that approximate to circular paths. Skills, knowledge and understanding of how science works set in the context of: The Earth, Sun, Moon and all other bodies attract each other with a force called gravity. The bigger the masses of the bodies the bigger the force of gravity between them. As the distance between two bodies increases the force of gravity between them decreases. The orbits of the planets are slightly squashed circles (ellipses) with the Sun quite close to the centre. Gravitational force provides the centripetal force that allows planets and satellites to maintain their circular orbits. The further away an orbiting body is the longer it takes to make a complete orbit. To stay in orbit at a particular distance, smaller bodies, including planets and satellites, must move at a particular speed around larger bodies. Communications satellites are usually put into a geostationary orbit above the equator. Monitoring satellites are usually put into a low polar orbit.

3. Circular Motion An object requires a force for it to move along a circular path. If this force is removed the object will continue to move along a straight line tangentially to the circle.

4. Centripetal Force CENTRIPETAL FORCE is the general name given to a centrally directed force that causes circular motion. Tension provides the CENTRIPETAL FORCE required by the hammer thrower.

5. Other examples of centripetal force SituationCentripetal force Earth orbiting the SunGRAVITY of the Sun Car going around a bend.FRICTION on the car’s tyres Airplane banking (turning)PUSH of air on the airplane’s wings Electron orbiting a nucleusELECTROSTATIC attraction due to opposite charges

6. Factors affecting centripetal force Centripetal force INCREASES if: - the object is moved FASTER - the object’s mass is INCREASED. - the radius of the circle is DECREASED.

7. Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below: An object will only move along a __________ path if it is constantly acted on by a centripetal _________. The force is always directed __________ the centre of the circular path. Centripetal force ___________ if the object moves in a smaller radius path or at a __________ speed. An example of a _________ force is the Moon orbiting the Earth due to the Earth’s _____________ pull on the Moon. centripetal circulargravitational increasestowards greater WORD SELECTION: force centripetal circular gravitational increases towards greater force

8. Circular Motion Simulations Ladybug RevolutionLadybug Revolution - PhET - Join the ladybug in an exploration of rotational motion. Rotate the merry-go-round to change its angle, or choose a constant angular velocity or angular acceleration. Explore how circular motion relates to the bug's x,y position, velocity, and acceleration using vectors or graphs. Motion in 2DMotion in 2D - PhET - Learn about velocity and acceleration vectors. Move the ball with the mouse or let the simulation move the ball in four types of motion (2 types of linear, simple harmonic, circle). See the velocity and acceleration vectors change as the ball moves. Motion produced by a forceMotion produced by a force - linear & circular cases - netfirms Uniform circular motionUniform circular motion - Fendt Carousel Carousel - centripetal force - Fendt Relation between speed and centripetal force Relation between speed and centripetal force - NTNU Vertical circle & force vectorsVertical circle & force vectors - NTNU Circular Motion & Centripetal ForceCircular Motion & Centripetal Force - NTNU Inertia of a lead brick & Circular motion of a water glass Inertia of a lead brick & Circular motion of a water glass - 'Whys Guy' Video Clip (3 mins) (2nd of 2 clips)

9. Gravitational attraction Gravity is a force exerted by all objects on each other. Gravitational force: - is always attractive - increases if the mass of the objects is increased - decreases if the distance between the objects is increased

10. Gravitational field strength Gravitational field strength is equal to the force exerted on an object of mass 1kg. On the Earth’s surface the gravitational field strength is about 10 N/kg Moon’s surface = 1.6 N/kg Mars’ surface = 3.7 N/kg Weight is the force of gravity on an object.

11. Complete Answers SurfaceField Strength (N/kg) Object mass (kg) Object weight (N) Earth1080 Moon1.680 Mars3.7740 Jupiter601500 Pluto0.0780 800 128 200 25 5.6

12. Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below: Gravity is a force exerted by all ________ on each other because of their ________. Gravitational force __________ if the distance between the objects is increased but __________ if their masses are increased. _________ is the force of gravity on an object. On the Earth’s surface an object of mass 1kg has a weight of 10 __________. The Moon’s gravity is about one sixth the strength of the Earth’s because its _________ is much lower. decreasesnewtonsobjects increases massweight WORD SELECTION: masses decreases newtons objects increases mass weight masses

13. Gravity Simulations Free-fall Lab Free-fall Lab - Explore Science Galileo Time of Fall DemonstrationGalileo Time of Fall Demonstration - 'Whys Guy' Video Clip (3 mins) - Time of fall independent of mass - Leads slug and feather with and without air resistance. (1st of 2 clips) Distance Proportional to Time of Fall Squared Demonstration Distance Proportional to Time of Fall Squared Demonstration - 'Whys Guy' Video Clip (3:30 mins) - Falling distance proportional to the time of fall squared. (2nd of 2 clips some microphone problems) Lunar LanderLunar Lander - PhET - Can you avoid the boulder field and land safely, just before your fuel runs out, as Neil Armstrong did in 1969? Our version of this classic video game accurately simulates the real motion of the lunar lander with the correct mass, thrust, fuel consumption rate, and lunar gravity. The real lunar lander is very hard to control. Moonlander Moonlander Use your thrusters to overcome the effects of gravity and bring the moonlander safely down to earth. BBC KS3 Bitesize Revision: Mass and gravity Weight

14. Planetary orbits The orbits of the planets are slightly squashed circles (ellipses) with the Sun quite close to the centre. The Sun lies at a ‘focus’ of the ellipse

15. Planets move more quickly when they are closer to the Sun. faster slower The above diagram is exaggerated!

16. The time taken for a planet to complete one orbit increases with its distance from the Sun. Mercury 88 days Venus 225 days Earth1 year Mars2 years Jupiter12 years Saturn29 years Neptune165 years Uranus 84 years

17. Planetary Motion Simulations My Solar SystemMy Solar System - PhET- Build your own system of heavenly bodies and watch the gravitational ballet. With this orbit simulator, you can set initial positions, velocities, and masses of 2, 3, or 4 bodies, and then see them orbit each other. Multiple planetsMultiple planets - 7stones Planet orbit infoPlanet orbit info - Fendt Orrery of Inner Solar SystemOrrery of Inner Solar System - CUUG The Solar System The Solar System - Powerpoint presentation by KT Solar system quizesSolar system quizes - How well do you know the solar system? This resource contains whiteboard activities to order and name the planets corrrectly as well as a palnet database - by eChalk Hidden Pairs Game on Planet Facts - by KT - Microsoft WORDPlanet Facts Fifty-Fifty Game on Planets with Atmospheres - by KT - Microsoft WORDPlanets with Atmospheres Fifty-Fifty Game on Planets that are smaller than the Earth - by KT - Microsoft WORDPlanets that are smaller than the Earth Sequential Puzzle on Planet Order - by KT - Microsoft WORDPlanet Order Sequential Puzzle on Planet Size - by KT - Microsoft WORDPlanet Size Projectile & Satellite OrbitsProjectile & Satellite Orbits - NTNU Kepler MotionKepler Motion - NTNU Kepler's 2nd LawKepler's 2nd Law - Fendt Two & Three Body Orbits Two & Three Body Orbits - 7stones Orbits Orbits - Gravitation program BBC KS3 Bitesize Revision: Gravitational ForcesGravitational Forces - includes planet naming applet

18. Satellites A satellite is a lower mass body that orbits around a higher mass body. - The Moon is a natural satellite of the Earth. - The Hubble Space Telescope is an artificial (man-made) satellite of the Earth. - The Earth is a satellite of the Sun.

19. How a satellite orbits To stay in orbit at a satellite must move at a particular speed. too slow correct speed too fast

20. Communication satellites These are usually placed in geostationary orbits so that they always stay above the same place on the Earth’s surface. VIEW FROM ABOVE THE NORTH POLE

21. Geostationary satellites must have orbits that: - take 24 hours to complete - circle in the same direction as the Earth’s spin - are above the equator - orbit at a height of about 36 000 km Uses of communication satellites include satellite TV and some weather satellites.

22. Monitoring satellites They are used for weather, military, and environmental monitoring. They have relatively low orbital heights (eg 500 km). They take typically 2 hours to complete one orbit. They are considered to be in polar orbits even though their orbits do not always pass over the poles.

23. Question What are the advantages / disadvantages of using a polar orbiting rather than a geostationary satellite for monitoring? ADVANTAGES - it is nearer to the Earth allowing more detail to be seen and - it is easier to place into orbit - it eventually passes over all of the Earth’s surface DISADVANTAGE - unlike a geostationary satellite it is not always above the same point on the Earth’s surface so continuous monitoring is not possible

24. GPS / SatNav The satellites used for the Global Positioning System (GPS), as used in SatNav, are in ‘polar’ orbits. GPS makes use of about 30 polar orbiting satellites.

25. Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below: A satellite is a ________ mass object orbiting around a ________ mass body. The larger the orbit of a satellite the more ________ it moves and the ________ it takes to complete one orbit. Geostationary satellites are used for _____________ and have an orbital period of _____ hours. _____________ satellites normally use polar orbits. 24lowerlonger slowly communications WORD SELECTION: higher monitoring 24 lower longer slowly communications higher monitoring

26. Satellite Simulations Electromagnetic Spectrum & CommunicationsElectromagnetic Spectrum & Communications - BT Inside a communication satelliteInside a communication satellite - BT Projectile & Satellite OrbitsProjectile & Satellite Orbits - NTNU Newton's Cannon DemoNewton's Cannon Demo - to show how orbits occur - by Michael FowlerMichael Fowler Kepler MotionKepler Motion - NTNU Kepler's 2nd LawKepler's 2nd Law - Fendt Space craft controlSpace craft control - NTNU How a satellite orbitsHow a satellite orbits - BT Satellite orbitsSatellite orbits - BT Inside a communication satelliteInside a communication satellite - BT BBC KS3 Bitesize Revision: Satellites & Space Probes