1. (What has replaced Dursban, diazinon and Orthene?)
What’s In the Bottle?
(What has replaced Dursban, diazinon and Orthene?)
David J. Shetlar, Ph.D.
The “BugDoc”
The Ohio State University,
OARDC & OSU Extension
Columbus, OH
© April, 2005, D.J. Shetlar, all rights reserved

2. Why are we loosing the Carbamates & Organophosphates?
Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) continues to review insecticides and miticides.
Organophosphates and Carbamates have same mode of action – AchE inhibitors.
Dursban and diazinon NOT canceled, just restricted from residential use, still available for golf courses and nurseries.
Orthene also “voluntarily” withdrawn – Cygon (=dimethoate), Di-Syston (=disulfoton) and others not being “supported.”

3. Insecticide LD50s Acephate (Orthene) 980 Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) 270
Organophosphates (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors)
Acephate (Orthene)
Chlorpyrifos (Dursban)
Diazinon
Ethoprop (Mocap)
Fonofos (Crusade)
Isofenphos (Oftanol)
Isazofos (Triumph)
Malathion
Trichlorfon (Dylox/Proxol)

4. Insecticide LD50s Bendiocarb (Turcam) 156 Carbaryl (Sevin) 246
Carbamates (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors)
Bendiocarb (Turcam) 156
Carbaryl (Sevin) 246
Pyrethroids (disrupt nerve sodium pump)
Bifenthrin (Talstar) 375
Cyfluthrin (Tempo)
Fluvalinate (Mavrik) 282
L-cyhalothrin (Scimitar) 79
Permethrin (Astro)

5. New Insecticide LD50s Azadirachtin A & B (Azatrol, Neem, etc.)
>3540
Tetranortriterpenoid (ecdysone blocker; antifeedant)
Spinosads (Conserve)
Spinosad (synaptic stimulation nicotinic acetycholine sites)
Halofenozide (MACH2)
2850
Diacylhydrazine (molt accelerating compound, induces molt)
Fipronil (Chipco Choice) 97
Phenylpyrazoles (GABA receptor disruption)

6. New Insecticide LD50s Imidacloprid (Merit) 450 Acetamiprid (TriStar)
The Neonicotinoids
Imidacloprid (Merit)
450
Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
Acetamiprid (TriStar)
217
Pyridylmethylamine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
Clothianidin (Arena)
>5000
Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
Thiamethoxam (Meridian)
1563
Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
Dinotefuran (Safari)
>2000
Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)

7. What are the alternatives?
Pyrethroids – broad spectrum insecticides; some with mite suppression; considerable range of activity within group (i.e., they are not all the same!).
Neonicotinoids – broad spectrum; some systemic action; often slow action – best used as preventives; not all are the same!
Spinosyn – moderately broad spectrum, good on caterpillars, spider mites, some leafminers.
Azadirachtin (neem) – moderate spectrum; IGR action.
Oils & Soaps – still there!

8. Pyrethroids Sumithrin [Ortho] Tetramethrin [Ortho]
Resmethrin [Spectracide]
Cyfluthrin (=Tempo)[Bayer Advanced Lawn & Garden products]
Beta-cyfluthrin (=Tempo Ultra) [Bayer]
Permethrin (=Astro, Pounce)[Spectracide]
Bifenthrin (=Talstar) [Ortho & Scotts products]
Deltamethrin [Bonide]
Esfenvalerate (=Asana) [Ortho]
Lambda-cyhalothrin (=Scimitar) [Spectracide]

9. Pyrethroid LD50s Sumithrin = 10,000 Tetramethrin = 5000
Resmethrin = 2500
Cyfluthrin = 500
Permethrin = 430
Bifenthrin = 375
Deltamethrin = 135
Esfenvalerate = 75
Lambda-cyhalothrin = 56

10. Bonide Delta Eight – with deltamethrin (=DeltaGard)
OVERALL LAWN TREATMENT FOR GRASS AND DICHONDRA LAWNS TO CONTROL
Ants, Armyworms (inc. Fall , Yellow-Striped etc.), Bermudagrass Mites, Billbugs (adult), Boxelder Bugs, Centipedes, Chiggers, Chinch Bugs, Clover Mites, Cockroaches, Crickets, Cutworms, Darkling Ground Beetles, Digger Wasps, Essex Skipper, European Crane Fly Larvae, Field Crickets, Fiery Skipper, Fire Ants, Flea Beetle (in dichondra), Grasshopper, Hyperodes (Turfgrass Weevil), Japanese Beetle (adult), Lawn Moths, Leafhoppers, Adult Mealybugs, Scorpions, Silverfish & Firebrats, Sod Webworms, Sowbugs, Spiders, Spittlebugs, Springtails, Vegetable Weevils (in dichondra)

11. Bayer Advanced Garden Power-Force Multi-Insect Killer – with cyfluthrin (=Tempo)
Ornamentals-
Aphids, Bagworms, Boxelder Bugs, Clover Mites, Elm Leaf Beetles, Grasshoppers, Gypsy Moth Larvae, Japanese Beetles (adults), Lacebugs, Leaf-feeding Caterpillars, Leaf-feeding Beetles, Leafhoppers, Mealybugs, Pillbugs, Scales (crawlers only), Spittlebugs, Thrips, Whiteflies
Turf –
Ants, Armyworms, Bluegrass Billbugs (adults), Chiggers, Chinchbugs, Crickets, Cutworms, Earwigs, Fire Ants, Fleas, Grasshoppers, Hyperodes Weevils (adults), Japanese Beetles (adults), Mole Crickets, Sod Webworms (lawn moths), Ticks (including deer ticks)

12. Ortho Rose & Flower Insect Killer - bifenthrin
Ornamentals-
Aphids, caterpillars, beetles (including Japanese beetles), fungus gnats, lacebugs, leafhoppers, leafminers, leafrollers, mealybugs, spider mites, rose midges, scales (crawlers), spittlebugs, tent caterpillars, thrips, weevils, whiteflies and other garden insects

13. Ortho Bug-B-Gon Multi-purpose Insect Killer – with esfenvalerate (formerly contained diazinon)
On Ornamental Plants Including: Roses,Flowers,Shrubs and Small Trees
Aphid, armyworm, balsam woolly adelgid, buckhorn aphid, cabbage looper, cucumber beetle (adults – spotted & striped), cutworm, European pine sawfly, fall webworm, flea beetle, grasshopper, gypsy moth, imported cabbageworm, Japanese beetle, leafhopper, looper, northern pine weevil, pine chafer, pine coreid bug, red pine sawfly, redheaded pine sawfly, saltmarsh caterpillar, spittlebugs, tent caterpillar and whitefly.

14. Ortho Bug-B-Gon Multi-purpose Insect Killer – with permethrin (formerly contained diazinon)
Lawn pests: ants, armyworms, brown dog ticks, chinch bugs, crickets, cutworms, deer ticks, fleas, grasshoppers, Japanese beetle grubs, mole crickets and sod webworms.
Tree, shrub, rose and flower pests: aphids, bagworms, cicadas, exposed thrips, fall cankerworms and other listed pests.
Nuisance pests (outdoors): ants, clover mites, cluster flies, crickets, earwigs, fleas and other listed pests.

15. nerve blockers, behavior modifiers (insects stop normal activity)
Neonicotinoids
nerve blockers, behavior modifiers (insects stop normal activity)
Imidacloprid (=Merit) from Bayer (only one registered for homeowner use)
Thiamethoxam (=Meridian) for turf from Syngenta (not yet registered), Flagship for ornamentals (recently registered)
Clothanidin (=Arena) from Arvesta (registered for professional use in Dec 04)
Two to Three under development, not for over-the-counter use - yet

16. Bayer Advanced Garden Lawn & Garden Tree & Shrub Insect Control – contains imidacloprid (=Merit)
Ornamentals -
Adelgids, Aphids, Black Vine Weevil Larvae, Roundheaded Borers (including Eucalyptus Longhorned Borers), Flatheaded Borers (including Bronze Birch and Alder Borers) Japanese Beetles (adult), Lacebugs, Leaf Beetles (including Elm, Leaf Beetles and Viburnum Leaf Beetles), Leafhoppers, Leafminers (including Birch Leafminers), Mealybugs Pine Tip Moth Larvae, Psyllids, Royal Palm Bugs, Sawfly Larvae, Scales (including Armored Scale [suppression] and Soft Scale), Thrips, Whiteflies

17. Bayer Advanced Lawn Season Long Grub Control (imidacloprid = Merit)
White Grubs, Mole Crickets

18. Halofenozide – molting accelerator
Insect Growth Regulators
Halofenozide – molting accelerator
Azadirachtins – exoskeleton inhibitor

19. Ortho Grub-B-Gon and Scotts GrubEx – contained halofenozide (=MACH2) in 2002, but currently imidacloprid (=Merit); halofenozide now in Hi-Yield Kill-a-Grub
Turf
White grubs*, armyworms, cutworms and sod webworms
* White grubs including larvae of European chafer, northern and southern masked chafer(s), Japanese beetle, oriental beetle, Asiatic garden beetle, May/June beetle, black turfgrass ataenius, green June beetle, annual bluegrass weevil/ hyperodes, billbugs and aphodius beetle.

20. Label includes:
Aphids, bagworms, bean leaf beetles, armyworms, caterpillars, cucumber beetles, cutworms, Japanese beetles, leafhoppers, leaf rollers, gypsy moth larvae, mealybugs, thrips, vine borers, Mexican bean beetles, weevils and whiteflies.

21. Also available from Gardens Alive!

22. Organophosphates & Carbamates still available
Trichlorfon (=Dylox) – until ?
Carbaryl (=Sevin) – until ?
Dimethoate (=Cygon) – until existing stocks are sold
Disulfoton (=Di-Syston) – until ?

23. Bayer Advanced Lawn 24-hour Grub Control (trichlorfon = Dylox)
Grubs, Mole Crickets, Sod Webworms, Cutworms

25. Contains permethrin!

26. How can you tell what works from the label?
Look for a California label!

27. Woody Ornamental Insect and Mite Groups
(by damage)
Chewing Pests - Foliage Feeders
Chewing Pests - Leafminers
Chewing Pests - Borers
Chewing Pests - Root Feeders
Sucking Pests
Gall Making Pests
Nuisance Pests

28. Woody Ornamental Insect and Mite Groups
(by plant zone)
Foliage Feeding Pests
chewing, sucking,
leafmining, gall makers
Stem, Branch & Trunk Pests
borers, girdlers,
miners, sucking, gall makers
Root Feeding Pests
chewing, sucking, gall makers
Nuisance Pests

29. Most perennials have one or two species of aphids that may feed on them.
The goldenrod aphid (above) feeds on a variety of daisy and composite flowers. The milkweed aphid (right) feeds exclusively on plants in the milkweed family.

30. Generalized diagram of an aphid life cycle showing a species that alternates asexual and sexual forms along with alternation of hosts.

31. Plant Bug & Aphid Control (for residential sites)
Traditional
Diazinon
Dursban
Sevin
Orthene (Professional only)
DiSyston
Alternates
Pyrethroids
Soaps & Oils
Azadirachtin
Imidacloprid X X

32. Black Vine Weevil Management
What’s Lost?
Ficam (Turcam)
Orthene is on the way out!
What are the Alternatives?
Merit! (home owner product available, apply to soil, NOT mulch, not for adults!)
Pyrethroids for Adults
DiSyston (disulfoton) (home owner products available, BVW not named on label, apply to soil!)

33. Borers Continue –
Agrilis species
Bronze birch borer

34. Borers Continue –
White Pine Weevil – white pine & SPRUCE

35. Borer Insecticides Traditional Dursban Lindane DiSyston (disulfoton)
Cygon (dimethoate)
Orthene injection (Professional only)
Alternatives
Pyrethroids [Tempo, Talstar (Onyx), Deltagard, Scimitar, Astro]
Imidacloprid injection (beetles only!)
??? X X ??

36. Borer Control Approaches
Cultural –
Use plants that are not prone to borer attack!
Plant health care – plants in good growing conditions can usually repel borer attacks.
Avoid Plant Damage – damaged plants are prone to attack.
Biological –
Usually not effective because they attack after infestation.

37. Caterpillars –
Fall Webworm, Mimosa Webworm, Bagworm

38. Caterpillar Insecticides
Traditional
Dursban
Sevin
Orthene
Alternatives
Pyrethroids [Tempo, Talstar, Deltagard, Scimitar, Astro]
Spinosyn
Azadirachtin Bt
Soaps or Oils X X

39. Japanese Beetle – Japanese beetle adult skeletonizing leaf
Mating cluster of beetles in turf

40. JB Adult Insecticides Traditional Dursban Sevin Orthene Alternatives
Pyrethroids [Tempo, Talstar, Deltagard, Scimitar, Astro]
Imidacloprid
Azadirachtin X X

41. Lace bug nymphs.
Lace bugs that attack deciduous plants overwinter as adults. Those that attack broadleaf evergreens overwinter as eggs.
Sassafras lace bug adults. Most lace bug females attach their eggs to leaves with their excrement.

42. Lace Bug Insecticides Traditional Dursban Sevin Orthene Alternatives
Pyrethroids [Tempo, Talstar, Deltagard, Scimitar, Astro]
Imidacloprid
Azadirachtin
Soaps or Oils X X

43. European Pine Sawfly
larvae
eggs
adults

44. Sawfly Insecticides Traditional Dursban Sevin Orthene Alternatives
Pyrethroids [Tempo, Talstar, Deltagard, Scimitar, Astro]
Spinosyn
Azadirachtin
Imidacloprid
Soaps or Oils X X

45. Pine tortoise scale mature females on stem.
Pine needle scale second instar nymphs and male “pupae” on needles.

46. Pine needle scale females
Pine needle scale females. Note pinkish eggs at end of scale test (shell) and a settled crawler at upper left.
Group of pine needle scale settled crawlers (tan) and a couple of fresh crawlers (pinkish) in color.

47. Scale Control (crawlers)
Traditional
Diazinon
Dursban
Sevin
Cygon
DiSyston (disulfoton)
Alternatives
Pyrethroids [Tempo, Talstar, Deltagard, Scimitar, Astro]
Imidacloprid (soft scales)
Soaps & Oils X X X ?

48. Cool-Season Pests –
Spruce Spider Mite – inactive most of summer!

49. Miticides Alternatives Traditional Avid Kelthane
Hexygon (eggs & larvae only, spider mites only)
Floramite (spider mites only)
Sanmite (spider mites only)
Conserve
Pyrethroids??
Soaps or Oils
Traditional
Kelthane
Morestan
Cygon
Orthene ? X X X X

50. Typical group of greenhouse whiteflies – all stages

51. Whitefly Insecticides
Traditional
Dursban
Diazinon
Orthene
Alternatives
Pyrethroids [Tempo, Talstar, Deltagard, Scimitar, Astro]
Spinosyn
Azadirachtin
Imidacloprid
Soaps or Oils X X X

52. Major Cool-Season Lawn Turfgrass Insect Pests
White Grubs
Billbugs
Chinch Bugs
Sod Webworms 9

53. Ranked Efficacy of White Grub Insecticides–
Ranked Efficacy of White Grub Insecticides
Masked Chafer + Japanese Beetle – 2003a
rate
ave
range
% of tests
Insecticide
lb.ai .
/a.
% control
# tests
below 70%
Carbaryl
8.0
70.4 41
13-100 39
(=Sevin)
Chlorpyrifos
4.0
54.6 32
0-96 59
(=Dursban)
Clothianidin
0.4
97.0 1 97
(=Arena)
0.3
100
Halofenozide
1.5
91.1 63
10-100 13
(=MACH2)
2.0
93.1 36
56-100 6
Imidacloprid
0.3
93.6 78
58-100 6 (=
Merit)
0.4
86.3 3
82-89 7
Permethrin
0.26
32.3 7
0-54
100
Trichlorfon
8.0
77.6 91
0-98 19
(=Dylox, Proxol)
a Data from ESA publications ( ) & Ohio testing using masked chafer and Japanese beetle data where label timing recommendations were used and at least 4.0 grubs per sq.ft. were found in checks.

54. Northern Masked Chafer Life Cycle
“Rescue”
Possible Preventive
Standard Curative
Potential Grub Control Difficulty

55. Comparison of Grub Insecticide Efficacy
Against MC & JB by
Time of Application
rate ave % control (#tests)
Insecticide lb.ai./a. May June July to Aug 16 to Sept 10
Halofenozide (7) 94.4 (23) 88.3 (20) 89.6 (19) (27)
(=MACH2) 2.0
Imidachloprid (12) 90.6 (18) 94.5 (23) 94.5 (27) (34)
(=Merit) (1) (1) (1) (1) ---
Clothianidin (1) (1)
(=Arena) (1)
Trichlorfon (5) (19)
a Data from ESA publications ( ) & Ohio testing using masked chafer and Japanese beetle data where label timing recommendations were used and at least 4.0 grubs per sq.ft. were found in checks.

56. Billbugs!

57. 2000 Ohio Billbug Preventive Test
Treatment
Rate
% Control
Diazinon 3.34G
4.36 92
Diazinon 3.2G
4.0 95
Talstar PL 0.2G
0.1 69
Talstar Fert 0.2G
0.1 72
Tempo 0.1G
0.13 67
appl - 16 May; Wooster, OH; read - 5July; 24.7 larvae/sq.ft. check

58. 2001 Ohio Billbug Preventive Test
Treatment
Rate
% Control
0.2
Talstar 0.147G 64
0.1
Talstar 0.086G 43
0.087
Tempo 0.1G 50
0.272
Permethrin 0.25G 32
4.0
Diazinon 3.2G 68
0.4
Merit 0.5G 86
1.5
MACH2 1.5G 36
appl - 24 May (late preventive); Wooster, OH;
read - 12July; 17.8 larvae/sq.ft. check

60. 2001 Ohio Hairy Chinch Bug Control
#/ft.sq.
% Control
Treatment
Rate
7DAT
7DAT
Permethrin 0.5G
0.25
909.5 14
816.8
0.50 23
Permethrin 0.5G
823.6
1.00 22
Permethrin 0.5G
721.7
0.43 32
Permethrin 0.5GF
1058.9
-.- --
Check
appl. 30 Aug., Springboro, OH

61. LC = lambda-cyhalothrin (=Scimitar) formulations
2003 OH Hairy Chinch Bug Control - Misc
% Control
Treatment
Rate
6DAT
13DAT
Merit 75WP
0.3 58 67 62
0.4 78
Merit 75WP 66
0.3 87
Arena 0.5G 71
0.4 86
Arena 0.5G 68
0.4 49
Spinosad G 41
0.4 67
Spinosad NAP 90
0.1 95
Talstar EZ.2G
appl. 18 Sept., Pickerington, OH; & hcb/sq.ft. 6 & 13 DAT
LC = lambda-cyhalothrin (=Scimitar) formulations

62. 2004 OH Hairy Chinch Bug Control –
Clothianidin (Arena) & Facin (botanical)
Treatment
Rate
% Control
7DAT
28DAT
14DAT
Arena 50WP
0.2 95
100
100
0.3
Arena 50WP 97 94
0.2
100
Arena 0.5G 98 96
0.3
100
Arena 0.5G 90
8.5oz/M 99
Facin 85 81
10oz/M 71
Facin 64 98
0.2
100
Talstar EZ.2G
appl. 25 Aug., Pickerington, OH; 132.9, & hcb/sq.ft. 7, 14 & 28 DAT

63. 2004 OH Hairy Chinch Bug Control –
Alternate Products – Spinosad, Azadirachtin, Facin
Treatment
Rate
% Control
7DAT
21DAT
14DAT
Spinosad 0.3G
0.4 95 71 65
Spinosad 0.3G
0.6 96 60 34
Azatrol 0.1G
0.05 85 52 71
Azatrol 0.1G
0.1 56 63 71
Facin
8.5oz/M 56 85 87
Facin
10oz/M 58 92 77
Talstar 0.115G
0.2 94 90
100
appl. 22 July, Pickerington, OH; 44.0, 44.0 & 56.9 hcb/sq.ft. 7, 14 & 21 DAT

65. Turf Caterpillar Controls
Insecticide Rate % Control # Tests
Organophosphates
Diazinon
Dursban
Dylox/Proxol
Orthene
Carbamates
Sevin
Turcam

66. Turf Caterpillar Controls
Insecticide Rate % Control # Tests
Pyrethroids
Astro
DeltaGard
Scimitar
Tempo
Spinosyn
Conserve

67. Turf Caterpillar Controls
Insecticide Rate % Control # Tests
Chloronicotinoid
Merit
Molt Accelerator (growth regulator)
MACH
Nematodes
S. carpocapsae 1.0 bil
H. bact bil

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