1. Emergence of Genocide in Africa Karana Olivier M.A. Anthropology, NYU M.A. Intl Peace Studies, ND

2. Genocide International Convention for the Prevention of Genocide 1948 Article 1 The Contracting Parties confirm that genocide […] is a crime […] they undertake to prevent and to punish.

3. Genocide Article 2 Genocide means any of the following acts committed with INTENT to DESTROY, in whole or in part, a NATIONAL, ETHNICAL, RACIAL, `OR RELIGIOUS GROUP, AS SUCH: (a) Killing; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm; (c) Deliberately inflicting living conditions calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

4. Genocide Article 2 Genocide means any of the following acts INTENT DESTROY, NATIONAL, ETHNICAL, RACIAL, OR RELIGIOUS GROUP, AS SUCH:

5. Genocide Article 3 The following acts shall be punishable: (a) Genocide; (b) Conspiracy to commit genocide; (c) Direct and public incitement to commit genocide; (d) Attempt to commit genocide; (e) Complicity in genocide.

6. Genocide Article 4 Persons committing […] the acts enumerated in Article 3 shall be punished whether they are rulers, public officials or private individuals.

7. COLD WAR

8. COLD WAR LEADERS

9. SUDAN’S RED SOUTH Israeli and Soviet support

10. RWANDA

11. Genocide Images

12. History of Hierarchy & Colonialism Rwanda and Burundi has a class system based on patronage. A hierarchy and vertical mobility. Belgians misinterpret this hierarchy as fixed and decide to favor one particular group.

13. COLONIAL PERIOD GERMANYBELGIUM

14. Ethnicity and Politics in Rwanda

15. KAYIBANDA 1962-73

16. RWANDA Important dates  1956-62 Parmehutu, independence  1971 Hutu Massacre in Burundi

17. HABYARIMANA 1973-94

18. RWANDA Important date  1990 Tutsi-dominated RPF invades Rwanda  1993 UNAMIR monitors peace agreement.

19. KAGAME

20. ANNAN, DALLAIRE, UNAMIR

21. RWANDA Important dates  1990 Tutsi-dominated RPF invades Rwanda  April-July 1994 Genocide  June – August 1994 Operation turquoise  November 1994 Creation of ICTR

22. BIZIMUNGU 1994-2000

23. KAGAME

25. DARFUR

26. IMAGES OF CRISIS

27. ROUGH NEIGHBORHOOD

28. DARFUR Important dates  1980s Drought  2003 Rebellion  2005 CPA  2006 DPA

29. DROUGHT

30. NORTH SOUTH WAR

31. SLA Abdul Wahid

32. SLA MINI MINAWI

33. Justice Equality Movement

34. Arab-African relations

35. Changing face of Darfur

37. What comes next? How would we treat past aggressions? Remember or Forget? Universal Jurisdiction Truth Commissions. ICC Traditional methods - Gacaca

39. QUESTIONS?