1. Chapter 4 Transcription and Translation

2. The Central Dogma

3. Overview of transcription Figure 4-10

4. Overview of transcription Figure 4-10

5. Types of RNAs transcribed

6. Transcription of a bacterial gene

7. Starting and stopping transcription of a bacterial gene

8. Overview of RNA processing in eukaryotes Figure 4-13/14

9. Intron Splicing

10. Different proteins are produced from the same gene by alternative RNA splicing Figure 4-15

11. Figure 4-12

12. Repressors and Activators

13. Transcription in Eukaryotes

14. Gene regulatory proteins can bind to distant gene regulatory sequences and regulate transcription.

15. The three roles of RNA in protein synthesis Three types of RNA molecules perform different but complementary roles in protein synthesis (translation) Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three base “words” termed codons Transfer RNA (tRNA) deciphers the code and delivers the specified amino acid Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes, structures that function as protein-synthesizing machines

16. The roles of RNA in protein synthesis Figure 4-19

17. The genetic code is a triplet code

18. The genetic code can be read in different frames Figure 4-20

19. Translation is a two-step decoding process Figure 4-21

20. The structure of tRNA specifies its decoding function Figure 4-22

21. Nonstandard base pairing often occurs between codons and anticodons Figure 4-23

22. Ribosome structure in prokaryotes & eukaryotes Figure 4-24

23. Image reconstruction of an E. coli ribosome Figure 4-27

24. Stepwise formation of proteins on ribosomes Translation occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination

25. Initiation Figure 4-25

26. Initiation continued Figure 4-25

27. During elongation each incoming aminoacyl-tRNA moves through three ribosomal sites Figure 4-26

28. During elongation each incoming aminoacyl-tRNA moves through three ribosomal sites Figure 4-26

29. Protein synthesis is terminated by release factors when a stop codon is reached Figure 4-29

30. Simultaneous translation by multiple ribosomes and their rapid recycling increases the efficiency of protein synthesis Figure 4-31