1. Habit trees and shrubs with ethereal oil cells Leaves alternate; simple, entire (rarely lobed); large deciduous sheathing stipules Inflorescences solitary Perianth tepals (when sepals and petals are often indistinguishable from one another, common in the Magnoliidae) in 3s or several whorls of 3s, distinct, outermost sometimes sepaloid. Androecium many stamens, distinct, laminar Gynoecium many apocarpous carpels on large convex receptacle;superior Fruit= follicles or samaras (Floral formula: T 3-  A  G  ) Magnoliaceae -- the magnolia family (7-12, 220; Widespread tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate, especially in the N. Hemisphere) Magnoliidae

2. Habit aromatic shrubs & trees with ethereal oils Leaves alternate (rarely opposite); simple, entire (lobed in Sassafras); estipulate; minutely punctate Inflorescences basically cymose (determinate) and variable Special floral characters parts in 3’s, stamens with valvate anther dehiscence and paired basal lateral glands Perianth tepals (greenish, yellowish, or white) 6 in two whorls of 3, distinct or basally connate Androecium stamens 9-15, in whorls of 3, some usually staminodal, filaments of inner stamens with paired basal lateral glands (staminodal nectaries); anthers valvate Gynoecium 1 carpel with 1 apical ovule; superior (rarely inferior) Fruit= berry or drupe (Floral formula: T 6 A 9-15 G 1 )  -family Magnoliidae Lauraceae -- the laurel family (30-50/2,490; widespread)

3. Temperate Species Sassafras albidum (sassafras)Lindera benzoin (spicebush) Persea palustris (swamp-bay) Umbellularia californica (CA bay-laurel) Economic Species Laurus nobilis (laurel; bay)Persea americana (avocado) Cinnamomum camphora (camphor) Umbellularia californica (CA bay-laurel) Cinnamomum zylandicum & related species (cinnamon) Lauraceae -- comments  -family Magnoliidae

4. Habit rhizomatous aquatic herbs with milky sap Leaves large, alternate, simple, long petioles; blades deeply cordate (to peltate); submersed and floating leaves; estipulate Inflorescence solitary, long pedicel (peduncle) Perianth actinomorphic, showy Calyx 4-many sepals, distinct or basally connate Corolla 8-many petals (rarely 0), distinct or basally connate;usually grading into petaloid, laminar stamens Androecium many stamens, laminar; spirally arranged Gynoecium 5-many carpels, connate; style absent to short, enlarged radiate stigma; superior to half-inferior Fruit= spongy berry (Floral formula: Ca 4-  Co 8-  A  G 5-  ) Magnoliidae Nymphaeaceae -- the waterlily family (5/50; widespread--temperate & tropics)

5. Temperate Species: Nuphar spp. (yellow waterlily, spatterdock) Nymphaea spp. (waterlily) Cultivated Species: Nymphaea spp. Euryale spp. (gorgon plant) Nuphar spp. Victoria spp. Notes: * Rhizomes of some Nymphaea spp. are edible. * Floating leaves of Victoria amazonica and V. regia can approach 2m. in diameter. Magnoliidae Nymphaeaceae -- comments

6. Habit Herbs/shrubs, often with colored sap Leaves phyllotaxy variable, simple to pinnately compound or dissected; estipulate Inflorescence various Perianth various, showy Calyx 2, 3 or 4 sepals, distinct, caducous Corolla 4, 6, 8 (12-16), distinct, often crumpled Androecium many (4-12) stamens, distinct Gynoecium 2-many carpels, connate; 1-loculed with parietal placentation Fruit= capsule (Floral formula: Ca 2,3,4 Co 4,6,8 A  G 5-  ) Magnoliidae Papaveraceae -- the poppy family (Including Fumariaceae: ca. 42/600+; most diverse in N. America and eastern Asia)

7. Papaveraceae(s.s.) (24/201) Fumarioideae (18/461) -Herbs to shrubs-Herbs, with dissected leaves. -Colored or milky sap (latex)-Watery & colorless sap -Fls. usu. solitary, actinomorphic-Fls. not solitary, zygomorphic or isobilateral -Nectaries absent-Nectaries at filament base. -Ca 2or 3 (large, caducous) -Ca 2 (small) -Co 4or more (wrinkled in bud)-Co 2+2 -A usu. many -A 3+3 (=diadelphous) -G 2-many ; stigma large, radiate, -G 2 ; stigma small, with style sessile -Fruit= sept. or poricidal capsule-Fruit= septicidal capsule (nut like) Magnoliidae Papaveraceae -- subfamilies

8. Habit herbs, shrubs or woody vines Leaves phyllotaxy variable, simple to several times compound (crowsfoot leaf); estipulate (rarely stipulate) Inflorescence various Perianth various, usually showy Calyx 4-many sepals, distinct, often petaloid Corolla 0 or 4-5, sometimes many, distinct Androecium many (rarely 5-10) stamens, distinct Gynoecium 5-many carpels (rarely 1), distinct (rarely 5, connate); superior Fruit= cluster of achenes or follicles (rarely a berry or capsule) (Floral formula: Ca 4-  Co 0,4-5 A  G 5-  ) Magnoliidae Ranunculaceae -- the buttercup family (52/2000 widespread)

9. Habit Herbs, shrubs and small trees, terrestrial and epiphytic, commonly succulent Leaves mostly alternate, some opposite, whorled; often punctately glandular (ethereal oils) attached to swollen nodes; simple, palmate or pinnately veined Inflorescence spike Special floral characters apetalous flowers on spikes Perianth highly reduced, flowers subtended by peltate (shield-shaped) bracts Androecium 1-10 stamens, distinct Gynoecium 2-5 carpels, connate; superior; 2-5 stigmas Fruit= drupe or drupelet (Floral formula: A 1-10 G 2-5 )  -family Magnoliidae Piperaceae -- the pepper family (10/2000 widespread tropically)

10. Comments: Piper nigrum is common black pepper. Many Peperomia species display CAM metabolism. The stem has scattered vascular bundles like a monocot, for this reason some believe a Piperaceae-like member forms the link between between the monocots and dicots. Piper and Peperomia are so different (in many aspects of their morphology) that they are sometimes divided into separate families.  -family Magnoliidae Some genera: Piper (often woody with distinctly swollen nodes), Peperomia, Pothomorphe, Macropiper, etc. Piperaceae -- comments