1. Accelerator Science Roger Barlow EPSRC Visit 6 th December 2007

2. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 2 Accelerators Developed for particle physics Now used by many communities in physics, chemistry and medicine

3. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 3 UK Accelerator R & D Cockcroft Institute At Daresbury Founded by PPARC, NWDA Universities of Manchester (RB + Roger Jones + Rob Appleby), Liverpool, Lancaster Staff working on high energy and low energy and generic accelerator physics Including the nsFFAG…

4. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 4 2 Basic types - limitations Cyclotron Low energies Synchrotron Low current/duty cycle

5. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 5 The FFAG design Ring like a synchrotron Strong Focussing (‘Alternating Gradient’) Orbit changes with energy Dipole field increases with particle energy, but through path variation not time variation   B /  t not dB / dt

6. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 6 The NS-FFAG ‘Scaling’: constant orbit shape Gives constant betatron tune, so can keep away from integers (same-kick-every-cycle resonance) Abandon scaling principle – lose control of tune. Fall into resonance. Does it matter?

7. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 7 Argument If the tune changes rapidly, resonances don’t have time to destroy the beam. Rapid acceleration: Big turn-to-turn variation Plausible but needs verifying Advantages (if it works) Simpler magnets (B  x not B  R k ) Smaller beam pipe

8. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 8 The nsFFAG Advantages Cheap, simple DC magnets. Compact design (better than scaling FFAG) High repetition rate and duty cycle Rapid acceleration High acceptance Permanent magnets (?) Continuous operation (?) ‘Cyclotron currents at Synchrotron energies’ Disadvantages Nobody’s built one yet

9. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 9 CONFORM Project: Construction of a Nonscaling FFAG for Oncology, Research and Medicine Bid to “Basic Technology” Programme (EPSRC administered) by BASROC consortium Build EMMA: 20 MeV electron prototype to demonstrate principle ( £ 3.8M + £ 1.8M) Design PAMELA: clinical machine for hadron therapy( £ 0.8M) Investigate other applications (Hadron therapy, Cell irradiation studies, solar wind simulator, Accelerator Driven Thorium Reactors, Proton drivers for muon/neutron sources, Muon accelerator for neutrino factory) ( £ 0.4M) Bid successful! Started 1 st April 2007 for 3½ years

10. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 10 The Consortium Manchester/Cockcroft – Coordination CCLRC+Cockcroft – EMMA Construction Liverpool/Cockcroft – Magnets Oxford/John Adams – PAMELA design Oxford/Gray Cancer Institute + Birmingham + Imperial + Glasgow – PAMELA and Hadron therapy applications Surrey+Leeds – general applications

11. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 11 EMMA Proof of principle machine 10 to 20 MeV electrons 42 cells ~16m circumference RF every other cell 1.3GHz, TESLA frequency magnets ~ 5cm x 2.5cm aperture

12. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 12 EMMA at Daresbury

13. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 13 EMMA Magnets Magnet prototypes produced by TESLA Being measured and understood Production magnets (almost) ordered: delivery Summer 08

14. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 14 EMMA RF Normal conducting single cell re-entrant cavity design Cavity machined form 3 pieces and EB welded at 2 locations Capacitive post tuner Probe Coolant channels Input coupling loop EVAC Flange Aperture Ø 40 mm 110 mm Prototypes ordered – Delivery January OJEC notice December Place contract March Delivery June- August 2008

15. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 15 EMMA summary Final Design Review Daresbury 10-11 Dec Main components on site by 1 st Aug 08 Assembly on girders June 08-Jan 09 Assembly in hall Jan -May 09 Installation and testing Jun-Aug 09 Operation in September 09

16. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 16 PAMELA Long wish-list Builders and users (medical community) in discussions about how to achieve all of these Prove proton NSFFAG works Provide ~40 MeV protons for cell studies Provide ~300 MeV protons for therapy Provide ~40 MeV/N He and C for cell studies Provide ~450 MeV/N He and C for therapy

17. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 17 PAMELA Clinical Hadron Therapy machine, probably at Oxford Carbon is essential. Proton solution is commercially available. 3-ring solution (Keil and Trbojevic) or 1 ring (Koscielniak and Johnstone) Workshop next summer to settle final parameters

18. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 18 Applications Cell Irradiation – Surrey post filled. Answer questions about dosage, Ion types, etc ADSRs – Manchester+Leeds. Additional grant from EPSRC Energy call to look at possibilities for use of FFAG in an ADSR, for power and waste disposal. Neutrons: Leeds post now being advertised

19. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 19 3 years time Working machine for studying nsFFAG behaviour Full design for PAMELA that we can take to MRC/NHS Portfolio of other NS-FFAG designs for different communities of accelerator users

20. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 20 A word on eScience We run a 1800 CPU Grid centre for LHC reconstruction with spare capacity for other users ( e.g. biomed). Making this usable for other communities could be a useful investment We develop grid software for authorisation and security. GridSite is an easy to use web access system using certificates rather than passwords. We would like to make this widely available

21. EPSRC Visit 6 th Dec 2007Roger Barlow: Accelerator ScienceSlide 21 Finally Aspects of Accelerator Science come under the EPSRC umbrella There will be further involvement with EPSRC from Manchester/Cockcroft