1. The physical basis of the infrastructure
Key Slide
The physical basis of the infrastructure

2. Major Concepts Hardware and Software 
Software for software (operating systems) 
Software for business (applications) 
Software to create software (programming languages) 
Nagging issues about software  
MIS 300, Chapter 2

3. Principles and Learning Objectives-1
Users must work closely with IS professionals to define business needs, evaluate options, and select the hardware and software that provide a cost-effective solution to those needs.
Identify and discuss the role of the essential hardware components  of a computer system.
List and describe popular classes of computer systems  and discuss the role of each.
MIS 300, Chapter 2

4. Principles and Learning Objectives -2
When selecting an operating system, you must consider the current and future requirements for application software to meet the needs of the organization. In addition, your choice of a particular operating system must be consistent with your choice of hardware.
Identify and briefly describe the functions of the two basic kinds of software. 
Outline the role of the operating system and identify the features of several popular operating systems. 
MIS 300, Chapter 2

5. Principles and Learning Objectives-3
Do not develop proprietary application software unless doing so will meet a compelling business need that can provide a competitive advantage.  Discuss how application software can support personal, workgroup, and enterprise business objectives.
Identify three basic approaches to developing application software and discuss the pros and cons of each.
MIS 300, Chapter 2

6. Principles and Learning Objectives-4
Choose a programming language whose functional characteristics are appropriate for the task at hand, taking into consideration the skills and experience of the programming staff. 
Outline the overall evolution of programming languages and clearly differentiate among the five generations of programming languages.
MIS 300, Chapter 2

7. Principles and Learning Objectives-5
The software industry continues to undergo constant change; users need to be aware of recent trends and issues to be effective in their business and personal life. 
Identify several key issues and trends that have an impact on organizations and individuals.
MIS 300, Chapter 2

8. Hardware Components CPU Central processing unit (CPU) (The thinker)
Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)
Control unit
Input devices (what purpose?)
Output devices (what purpose?)
Control & Data Source
Results & Feedback
Why are there two different kinds of output?
CPU
Why are there two different kinds of input?
MIS 300, Chapter 2

9. Hardware Components (continued)
Communications devices
Primary storage devices
Secondary storage devices
MIS 300, Chapter 2

10. Hardware Components (continued)
Figure 2.1: Computer System Components
MIS 300, Chapter 2

11. Processing and Memory Devices: Power, Speed, and Capacity
System unit
Houses CPU and memory
All other devices are linked to the system unit
What is the advantage of this?
How do we measure the “strength” of a computer?
See next slide.
MIS 300, Chapter 2

12. Processing Characteristics and Functions
Machine cycle time: time to execute the instruction phase and the execution phase
Clock speed: electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate
Wordlength: number of bits that can be processed at one time
MIS 300, Chapter 2

13. Processing Characteristics and Functions (continued)
Physical characteristics of the CPU
Digital circuits on chips
Electrical current flows through silicon
MIS 300, Chapter 2

14. Memory Characteristics and Functions: Storage Capacity – A lesson in Greek
Table 2.1: Number of Bytes
MIS 300, Chapter 2

15. Types of Memory Random access memory (RAM) ROM (read-only memory)
Temporary
Volatile
ROM (read-only memory)
Usually nonvolatile
SEDOM (Student Exam Dump Only Memory)
MIS 300, Chapter 2

16. Multiprocessing – Doing more than one Thing at a Time
Multiprocessing: simultaneous execution of two or more instructions
Parallel processing: linking hundreds or thousands of processors operating in parallel
Grid computing: collection of computers working to solve a common problem
MIS 300, Chapter 2

17. Secondary Storage and Input and Output Devices
Also called permanent storage
Nonvolatile
Greater capacity and greater economy than memory
MIS 300, Chapter 2

18. Secondary Storage Access Methods
Sequential access: records must be retrieved in order
Sequential access storage devices (SASD)
Direct access: records can be retrieved in any order
Direct access storage devices (DASDs)
Can this matter at all? What problems are being solved here? What problems are being created?
MIS 300, Chapter 2

19. Secondary Storage Devices
Magnetic tapes
Magnetic disks
Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID)
Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)
MIS 300, Chapter 2

20. SAN Storage area network
Provides high-speed connections between data-storage devices and computers
MIS 300, Chapter 2

21. SAN (continued)
Figure 2.4: Storage Area Network
MIS 300, Chapter 2

22. Secondary Storage Devices (continued)
CD-recordable (CD-R) discs
CD-rewritable (CD-RW) discs
Digital versatile disc (DVD)
Memory cards
Expandable storage
MIS 300, Chapter 2

23. Input Devices Personal computer input devices
Keyboard
Mouse
Voice-recognition devices
Terminals
And what else? What can you imagine?
What are people like as input devices?
MIS 300, Chapter 2

24. Input Devices (continued)
Touch-sensitive screens
Bar-code scanners
Optical data readers
Point-of-sale (POS) devices
Automatic teller machine (ATM) devices
What problem(s) is (are) these sorts of devices trying to solve?
MIS 300, Chapter 2

25. Input Devices (continued)
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) – Go ask Walmart
MIS 300, Chapter 2

26. Output Devices Display monitors Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
Printers and plotters
MIS 300, Chapter 2

27. Output Devices (continued)
CRT monitors are large and bulky in comparison to LCD monitors (flat displays). Who knows what the future will bring?
MIS 300, Chapter 2

28. Computer System Types Handheld computers (ideal for ….?)
Portable computers (solves what problem?)
Thin client (saves what?)
Desktop computers (how much longer?)
MIS 300, Chapter 2

29. Computer System Types (continued)
Workstations
Servers
Mainframe computers
Supercomputers
Superdupercomputers? 
MIS 300, Chapter 2

30. Overview of Software Computer programs: sequences of instructions
Documentation: describes program functions
Systems software: coordinates the activities of hardware and programs: “To serve and protect”
Application software: helps users solve particular problems: “To get the job done”
What is software really doing? Why is it important?
MIS 300, Chapter 2

31. Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals
Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a particular organization
Personal
Workgroup
Enterprise 
Table 2.5: Classifying Software by Type and Sphere of Influence
MIS 300, Chapter 2

32. Systems Software: Operating Systems
Operating system (OS): set of programs that control and manage the hardware and act as an interface with applications
Common hardware functions
Get input (e.g., keyboard)
Retrieve data from disks and store data on disks
Display information on a monitor or printer
MIS 300, Chapter 2

33. Operating Systems (continued)
Figure 2.8: The role of the operating system and other systems software is as an interface or buffer between application software and hardware. It also controls and manages everything.
MIS 300, Chapter 2

34. Operating Systems (continued)
User interface
Allows individuals to access and command the computer system
Command-based user interface: uses text commands
Graphical user interface (GUI): uses icons and menus to send commands to the computer system
Smart interface: anticipates users’ needs
MIS 300, Chapter 2

35. Operating Systems (continued)
Hardware independence
Application program interface (API): allows applications to make use of the operating system
Memory management
Control how memory is accessed and maximize available memory and storage
MIS 300, Chapter 2

36. Operating Systems (continued)
Processing tasks
Multitasking: more than one program running at the same time
Time-sharing: more than one person using a computer system at the same time
Scalability: ability to handle an increasing number of concurrent users smoothly
Networking capability: features that aid users in connecting to a computer network
MIS 300, Chapter 2

37. Operating Systems (continued)
Access to system resources
Protection against unauthorized access
Logons and passwords
File management
Ensures that files in secondary storage are
Available when needed
Protected from access by unauthorized users
MIS 300, Chapter 2

38. Current Operating Systems
Table 2.6: Popular Operating Systems Across All Three Spheres of Influence
MIS 300, Chapter 2

39. Workgroup Operating Systems
Windows Server
UNIX
NetWare
Red Hat Linux
Mac OS X Server
MIS 300, Chapter 2

40. Enterprise Operating Systems
z/OS
MPE/iX and HP-UX
Linux
MIS 300, Chapter 2

41. Operating Systems for Small Computers and Special-Purpose Devices
Palm OS
Windows Embedded
Windows Mobile 
MIS 300, Chapter 2

42. Application Software
Gives users the ability to solve problems and perform specific tasks
Interacts with systems software; systems software then directs the hardware to perform the tasks
Applica-
tion
Software
User
Interface
System
Software
Hardware
Other I/O Devices
MIS 300, Chapter 2

43. Types and Functions of Application Software
Proprietary software: unique program for a specific application, usually developed and owned by a single company
Off-the-shelf software: purchased software
Customized package
Proprietary: “We build it”
Off-the-Shelf:
“We buy it”
MIS 300, Chapter 2

44. Personal Application Software
Table 2.8: Examples of Personal Productivity Software
MIS 300, Chapter 2

45. Personal Application Software (continued)
Table 2.8: Examples of Personal Productivity Software (continued)
MIS 300, Chapter 2

46. Workgroup Application Software
Workgroup application software: supports teamwork, whether people are in the same location or dispersed around the world
Groupware: software that helps groups of people work together more efficiently and effectively
MIS 300, Chapter 2

47. Enterprise Application Software
Software that benefits an entire organization
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software: programs that manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization
ERP integrates across functions, destroying silos and making communication easier. 
MIS 300, Chapter 2

48. Programming Languages
Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements
Allow humans to communicate instructions to be executed by a computer
Syntax: a set of rules associated with a programming language
Different languages have characteristics that make them appropriate for particular types of applications
MIS 300, Chapter 2

49. Programming Languages -2
A programming language is a vehicle through which an organization’s need for processing is translated into commands that will later be executed and turned into work.
Programming is a kind of planning for action.
Programming is always “buggy” in the sense that people make mistakes and organizational needs are imperfectly understood.
MIS 300, Chapter 2

50. Programming Languages -3
I, the pro-grammer, hear you!
Hooray! Now I KNOW!
I need informa-tion to solve a problem!
Information
System
Saved Com- mands
Compiler or language
processor
Programming language statements
Conversation about need
Information
System
Some Time Later 
MIS 300, Chapter 2

51. Software Issues and Trends That Will Effect YOU!
Software bugs
Program defects that keep it from performing correctly
Copyrights and licenses
Global software support
Obsolescence
Outsourcing
Legal issues
Commoditization
Security
MIS 300, Chapter 2

52. Summary
Hardware: central processing unit (CPU), input and output devices, communications devices, primary storage devices, and secondary storage devices
Random access memory (RAM): temporary and volatile
ROM (read-only memory): usually nonvolatile
Multiprocessing: simultaneous execution of two or more instructions
MIS 300, Chapter 2

53. Summary (continued) Sequential access: records retrieved in order
Direct access: records retrieved in any order
Computer programs: sequences of instructions
Systems software: coordinates the activities of hardware and programs
Application software: helps users solve problems
MIS 300, Chapter 2

54. Summary (continued)
Operating system (OS): programs that control the hardware and act as an interface with applications
Graphical user interface (GUI): uses icons and menus to send commands to the computer system
Programming languages: allow humans to communicate instructions to be executed by a computer
MIS 300, Chapter 2