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Chapter 10 Plant Anatomy & Physiology Michael G. Simpson
Study of tissue and cell structure of plants. (In zoology, anatomy is study of internal organs; histology is study of tissues/cells.) Plant Physiology Study of metabolic processes in plants.
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Cell Theory All of life is composed of 1 or more cells.
Cells arise only from pre-existing cells, via cell division or cell fusion. Cells are units of metabolic processes. Each cell contains set of hereditary information (DNA), transferred from cell to cell, coding for structural & functional features.
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ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
storage high energy carbs. transport & modification storage: pigments, acids, ergastic substances contains DNA structural support respiration cell recognition, transport photosynthesis protein synthesis & transport of materials ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
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Ergastic Substances: not actively metabolized (storage/waste)
aleurone grains: protein Ergastic Substances: not actively metabolized (storage/waste) oil bodies amyloplasts (starch grains): alpha-1,4-glucopyranoside chromoplasts druses raphides styloids prismatics crystals (Ca-oxalate; silica)
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mainly cellulose: beta-1,4-glucopyranoside
cell wall mainly cellulose: beta-1,4-glucopyranoside
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lignin - secondary cell wall
function?
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Cell differentiation: 1) Cell expansion (elongation)
meristem - region of actively dividing cells 1) apical (shoot & root); ) lateral (vascular & cork cambia) Cell differentiation: 1) Cell expansion (elongation) 2) Cell maturation / specialization
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Plant Tissues & Cell Types
= group of cells with common function or structure. Three broad tissue types: 1) Dermal - outside layer(s) 2) Vascular - conduction 3) Ground - between dermal and vascular Simple vs. Complex Tissue: 1 versus 2 or more cell types
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Ground Tissue Parenchyma: Gen. metabol. 1) Isodiametric to elongate
2) Primary cell wall 3) Living Collenchyma: support 1) Elongate 2) Primary cell wall thick, uneven, rich in pectins 3) Living
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Ground Tissue Sclerenchyma 1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary)
2) Dead at maturity (usually) Fibers Elongate, sharply tapering
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Ground Tissue Sclerenchyma 1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary)
2) Dead at maturity (usually) Sclereids Isodiametric to irregular
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Vascular Tissue Xylem Water & mineral conduction
Tracheary elements + parenchyma + sclerenchyma Phloem Sugar conduction Sieve members + parenchyma + sclerenchyma - Both complex tissues
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Tracheary Elements Tracheids - Imperforate Vessels - Perforate
Angiosperms (most) Gnetales A few Monilophytes
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Sieve Elements Sieve cells - No sieve plates Sieve tube members - Sieve plates Apomorphy of Angiosperms
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Dermal & Secretory tissues & cells
Epidermis Glands Stomates Nectaries Laticifers
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Dermal tissues: Trichome anatomy
Epidermis
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ROOT (l.s.) Protective root cap Absorptive root hairs
root apical meristem ROOT (l.s.) Protective root cap Absorptive root hairs
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3) Give rise to new roots endogenously (from within)
ROOT (c.s.) 3) Give rise to new roots endogenously (from within)
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Casparian Strip Function: forces fluids from outside through plasma membrane = selective absorption
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SPOROPHYTIC SHOOT
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Stems: Give rise to leaves exogenously
Do not have a protective “cap” of cells Do not have root hairs (but may have trichomes)
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Stelar types eustele atactostele
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Protoxylem maturation
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Vascular cambium - a lateral meristem
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Conifers: non-porous
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Ring porous Diffuse porous
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Wood Ray Anatomy
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Leaf anatomy
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Stomata
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C3 Photosynthesis
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Kranz anatomy
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C4 Photosynthesis
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CAM photosynthesis
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