1. Applications of Molecular Systematics

2. -Plants: chloroplast DNA, mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA -Animals: mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA Different in modes of inheritance, amount of variation, easy of application. Molecular Data

3. -to solve taxonomic problems. -to verify the existing taxonomy/classification. -to view the existing taxonomy/classification from molecular aspect. Can be done on different taxonomic (familial, subfamilial, generic, specific and subspecific) levels. Applications

4. Taxonomic Problems Taxonomic position of families Guttiferea and Hypericaceae Phylogeny based on trnL-trnF (cpDNA) sequence data

5. Taxonomic Problems Phylogeny comparison of nDNA and cpDNA data Neobalanocarpus heimii has a male parent of Shorea and female parent of Hopea

6. Verification of Classification/Taxonomy Classification of genus Hopea by Ashton (1982) Phylogeny based on PgiC (nuclear DNA) sequence data

7. -Molecular systematics serves as complimentary evidence to traditional (morphological) taxonomy/classification. -Taxonomy/classification based on morphology needs to be established before the application of molecular systematics. Roles of Molecular Systematics