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Living organisms on Earth are made of primarily water and molecules containing carbon.

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Presentation on theme: "Living organisms on Earth are made of primarily water and molecules containing carbon."— Presentation transcript:

1 Living organisms on Earth are made of primarily water and molecules containing carbon

2 What’s so snazzy about carbon? A Horta is a hypothetical silicon-based life form instead of a carbon-based life

3 What do carbon and silicon have in common?

4 Carbon has 4 valence electrons: Hydrocarbons = molecules of carbon and hydrogen Carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds (C-H bonds) are nonpolar, and contain large amounts of energy

5 Organic Molecules contain at least one C-C bond

6 Isomer = molecules with the same number and type of atoms, but different arrangements

7 Figure 4.7 The pharmacological importance of enantiomers

8 Table 4.1 Functional Groups of Organic Compounds Functional Groups = Specific groups of atoms that make up part of a larger molecule and have particular chemical properties (shape, polarity, reactivity, solubility)

9 Biological Macromolecules Most of the large organic molecules that living organisms are built from are made of smaller molecules joined together Polymers = molecules built by linking together a large number of small chemical subunits. The single subunits are called monomers. The monomers may be all identical or vary. Cellulose:

10 Monomers are joined together by a condensation/dehydration reaction Requires energy

11 Polymers are taken apart by a hydrolysis reaction Releases energy

12 Four Major Types of Biological Macromolecules Type of Polymer Monomers making up Polymer Example Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) Monosaccharides Sugars, Starch, Cellulose Lipids Fatty acids and glycerol Fats, steroids, cholesterol ProteinsAmino acids Enzymes, structural components Nucleic AcidsNucleotidesDNA, RNA


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