1. Experimental tests of food limitation Larsen et al. 1997. J. Mamm. 78:192-203 Becker et al. 1998. Oikos 81:81-92 Boutin & Larsen 1993 J.Anim.Ecol. 78:192-203 Individual as the experimental unit

2. The effects of food supplementation on winter survival… p=0.07p=0.22

3. …body mass p=0.79p=0.27

4. …parturition date p=0.003p=0.73

5. …litter size p=0.14p=0.10

6. …weaning success p=0.63p=0.73

7. ReproductiveE nergetics Natural and experimental variation in litter size Short-term energetic and behavioural consequences Long-term life history consequences Humphries & Boutin 2000 Ecology 81:2867-77 Humphries & Boutin. 1996. J. Anim. Ecol. 65:332-338 Humphries & Boutin 1999 Can. J. Zool. 77:171-73

8. M.Sc.

9. +/-/  2 offspring Weigh and tag Maternal behaviour and energetics

10. Juvenile growth Treatment p=0.009Year p<0.001

11. Maternal behaviour Treatment p=0.54Year p<0.001

12. Maternal expenditure Treatment p=0.001 Temperature p<0.001

14. Post-weaning Juvenile Survival Treatment p=0.04