1. Active Contours Technique in Retinal Image Identification of the Optic Disk Boundary Soufyane El-Allali Stephen Brown Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of South Carolina Dr. Song Wang CSCE 790 Spring 2003

2. The Problem Objective: Using active contours to find the optic disk boundary. Impediments:  Large image size  Location of optic disk  Noise  Initialization

3. Solution Model

4. Image Pre-processing Significance: Without pre- processing the active contours is strongly influenced by noise. Phases:  Thresholding  Windowing  Morphological techniques Dilation Erosion Reconstruction

5. Thresholding & Windowing Threshold: Optic disk corresponds to the brightest region. Gradient marker level is set to obtain the threshold. Optic disk region corresponds to 245-255 of the intensity level. Windowing: cropped image based on the threshold.

6. Dilation Definition: Dilation causes objects to dilate or grow in size by adding pixels to the boundaries of object in an image. Dilation depends on a structure element. Dilation algorithm.

7. Erosion and Reconstruction Definitions:  Erosion causes objects to shrink by removing pixels on object boundaries.  Reconstruction takes the maximum pixel value from the original image and the dilated/eroded image.

8. Active Contours Revisted Definition: Active contours (snakes) is an edge-based technique that defines curves within an image domain that can move under the influence of internal and external forces in order to achieve convergence along an object. is the snakes’ elasticity is the snakes’ regidity Gaussian function’s standard deviation

9. Active Contours Continued Objective: minimizing the energy functional Solution: must satisfy Euler Lagrange’s Equation Bringing the snakes to equalibrium:  Adding a damping term and an inertial term Simple solution: using the gradient descent algorithm

10. Gradient Vector Flow (GVF) Traditional snakes: has a tendency not to converge in the case of concave shapes. GVF: Proposed by Xu and Prince  Static external force h = (p, q)  Minimizes the energy function Solution: solving the Euler system is a regularization parameter

11. Experiment Traditional snakes Before & After Preprocessing Initialization Superposition of GVF fields Results

12. Initialization Incorrect initialization leads to inaccurate results. Example:  Snake initialized in an empty GVF field.  Results in snake resting in same area.

13. Before & After Pre-processing

14. GVF fields Superposition Motive:  Larger Gaussian standard deviation captures the object of interests, yet blurring the edge boundary.  Smaller Gaussian standard deviation stores the edge boundary, but does not capture the whole object of interest. Solution:  Superposing GVF fields with different Gaussian standard deviations.

15. Superposition Results

16. Demo

17. Final Results OriginalFinal

18. Questions