2. July 2001Mara Alagic: "Science for All Americans" 1 Principles of Learning and Teaching Effective Learning

3. July 2001Mara Alagic: "Science for All Americans" 2 WHAT and HOW ? Is learning necessarily an outcome of teaching? Concentrate on the quality of understanding “Cognitive research is revealing that even with what is taken to be a good instruction, many students, including academically talented ones, understand less than we think they do”

4. July 2001Mara Alagic: "Science for All Americans" 3 How is What Students Learn Influenced by Their Existing Ideas? preconceptions versus misconception “constructing” knowledge reconstructing/reorganizing pedagogical content knowledge pedagogy/andragogy

5. July 2001Mara Alagic: "Science for All Americans" 4 How does Progression in Learning Usually Occur? from concrete to abstract visual, auditory, tactile and kinesthetic pictorial? multiple representations...

6. July 2001Mara Alagic: "Science for All Americans" 5 What and How do People Learn to Do Well? only what they practice doing apply ideas in novel situations thinking critically, analyzing information, communicating scientific ideas, making logical arguments, working as a part of a team, acquiring other skills

7. July 2001Mara Alagic: "Science for All Americans" 6 What does Effective Learning by Students Requires in Terms of Feedback? analytical, suggestive?, time appropriate opportunities for students to reflect on that feedback peer feedback

8. July 2001Mara Alagic: "Science for All Americans" 7 How is Performance Affected by Expectations success in learning => growth in confidence share experiences:...

9. July 2001Mara Alagic: "Science for All Americans" 8 What is the relationship between Teaching and the Nature of Inquiry? Consistency: Teaching should be consistent with the Nature of Scientific Inquiry Start with questions about the nature Engage students actively Concentrate on the collection and use of evidence - developmentally appropriate and developmentally interesting …..=>

10. July 2001Mara Alagic: "Science for All Americans" 9 => What is the relationship between Teaching and the Nature of Inquiry? Provide historical/social perspectives Insist on clear oral and written expression Use a team approach - collaborative nature of scientific and technological work Knowing and finding out Memorization

11. July 2001Mara Alagic: "Science for All Americans" 10 How Should Teaching Reflect Scientific Values? establishing learning environment: “more than a body of knowledge” curiosity creativity imagination a spirit of healthy questioning avoid dogmatism promote aesthetic responses

12. July 2001Mara Alagic: "Science for All Americans" 11 How can Teaching Aim to Counteract Science Learning Anxieties? “Understanding anything is never absolute and it takes many forms” build on success equity group learning Science is about finding things out

13. July 2001Mara Alagic: "Science for All Americans" 12 Should Science Teaching Stay within School? Extend beyond the school Rich resources of larger community Obstacles

14. July 2001Mara Alagic: "Science for All Americans" 13 What is the relationship between Teaching and TIME “more is more” or “less is more”? concepts must be offered periodically in different contexts and increasing levels of sophistication

15. July 2001Mara Alagic: "Science for All Americans" 14 This presentation was based on American Association for the Advancement of Science (1989). Science for all Americans: Project 2061. New York, NY: Oxford University Press