1. Current Extinctions

2. Rates of Extinction Expected from Fossil Record: 4 species a year go extinct from 10 million living species 1 mammal species (out of about 4000 living) extinct every 400 years 1 bird species (out of just over 9000 living) extinct every 200 years 40 plant species extinct in 400 years (out of 250,000 living)

3. Rates of Extinction Rates of extinction on mainland areas since 1600 mammals 1.6% extinct (62 of 4000) birds 1.3% extinct (117 of 9000) vascular plants 0.3% extinct (596 of 250,000)

4. Alwyn Gentry and friends in the field

5. Estimating Loss of Unknown Species Based on the Theory of Island Biogeography from which we know that larger areas support more species and from which we know that if we reduce the size of an island, we lose species - this knowledge is described by the species-area equation S = cA z where S = species number, A = area, c is a constant that varies depending on the type of species and the islands in question, z is the slope of the curve

6. Extinct Australian Megafauna

8. Some Extinct And still living Pleistocene Megafauna

9. Extinct American mega-bird

10. Recent Pleistocene Extinctions

11. Past Climate Change

15. Coring Glacial Ice

16. Ice Core Data

17. Pollen core data collection

18. Pollen Core Data

19. Distribution of North American Trees in past 16,000 years

20. Black-tailed prairie dog

21. Northern bog lemming

22. Eastern chipmunk

23. Global Ice Coverage Last Ice Age

24. Rainforests in: a. Glacial period, b. Inter-glacial period

25. Global carbon cycle

26. Carbon dioxide concentration at Mauna Loa

27. Change in Average Global Temperature

28. Statistics and climate change http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=pla yer_embedded&v=e0vj-0imOLwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=pla yer_embedded&v=e0vj-0imOLw

30. Surface temperature trends from 1800-2009 http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/vid eo/2011/oct/20/berkeley-earth-climate- change-videohttp://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/vid eo/2011/oct/20/berkeley-earth-climate- change-video

31. Model predictions of global temperature increase

32. Predicted surface change 1960-2060

33. Current distributions of biomes

34. Predictions for biomes after global warming

35. The Earth Ice Free

36. Global Ice Coverage Last Ice Age

37. Will species be able to survive current climate change? Maybe Maybe not

38. Pikas may run out of mountaintop

39. The dodo What makes species vulnerable to extinction?

41. Passenger pigeon

42. Passenger pigeon

43. Allee Effect Some species have a minimum requirement for population size in order to successfully breed

44. Characteristics that predispose species to becoming extinct 1. habitat overlap - the species occupy habitat that is desirable to humans and lose out in competition with humans for the habitat - tallgrass prairie species 2. human attention - species suffer because singled out by humans - either desired as food or fur and hunted heavily (passenger pigeon, dodo, northern elephant seal); or disliked by humans and killed as varmints (wolves, African wild dogs) 3. large home range requirements - animals needing large areas can’t find large enough areas in human dominated landscape - California condor 4. limited adaptability and resilience - Pacific salmon return to natal stream to reproduce; won’t go elsewhere

45. Konza Prairie – Kansas

46. African wild dog

47. California Condor

48. Coho salmon

49. Salmon Life Cycle

50. Salmon support 137 species