1. Understanding and Producing Written English Lecture 4 The Writing Stage Responding to your classmate’s work

2. Gathering Using the five senses Using the five senses Searching for unique details Searching for unique details Situating what you are describing in place and time Situating what you are describing in place and time

3. What makes the Mona Lisa Special? Did she always look like this? Did she always look like this? Not just a picture of a woman Not just a picture of a woman But the picture of A MOMENT! But the picture of A MOMENT!

4. Selecting Strengthening your focus Strengthening your focus Finding the ‘gems’ Finding the ‘gems’ Getting rid of the ‘dung’ Getting rid of the ‘dung’ Criteria for selection Criteria for selection Concrete? Concrete? Specific? Specific? Potential? Potential? What does this add to my purpose? What does this add to my purpose?

5. Developing Expanding Expanding Showing vs. Telling Showing vs. Telling Using metaphors Using metaphors Making things more specific Making things more specific Descriptive words Descriptive words ‘Active writing’ ‘Active writing’ verbs verbs

6. Shaping Text level Text level Introduction Introduction Body Body Conclusion Conclusion Paragraph level Paragraph level Focus Focus Development Development

7. Beginnings Paragraphs Paragraphs Sentences Sentences Purpose Purpose ‘Hook’ your reader ‘Hook’ your reader Introduce topic or set scene Introduce topic or set scene

8. Middles ‘Body’ ‘Body’ Body paragraphs Body paragraphs Body sentences Body sentences Purpose Purpose Development Development

9. Endings Most dangerous Most dangerous Purpose Purpose Summing up or completing Summing up or completing Leaving a lasting impression Leaving a lasting impression ‘Deflating’ endings ‘Deflating’ endings General statements General statements Abstract statements Abstract statements Trite or empty statements Trite or empty statements Repeating Repeating

10. Principles of Organization Spatial Spatial Temporal Temporal Sensory Sensory

11. Responsibility The ability to respond The ability to respond Expressing your opinion Expressing your opinion Making suggestions Making suggestions Being honest Being honest Being specific Being specific Being concrete Being concrete Using tact Using tact Listening Listening Negotiating Negotiating

12. Reading from the top down

13. Example http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~enrodney/W riting/Exercises/ExaminationParagraph.doc http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~enrodney/W riting/Exercises/ExaminationParagraph.doc http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~enrodney/W riting/Exercises/ExaminationParagraph.doc http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~enrodney/W riting/Exercises/ExaminationParagraph.doc

14. Homework Sentence Combining Sentence Combining http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~enrodney/W riting/Exercises/sent_comb_1.pdf http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~enrodney/W riting/Exercises/sent_comb_1.pdf http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~enrodney/W riting/Exercises/sent_comb_1.pdf http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~enrodney/W riting/Exercises/sent_comb_1.pdf