1. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 1 - Remote Sensing Applications in a Fisheries GIS Dr. Eric O. Rogers Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. Technologies and Products For More Efficient Fisheries

2. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 2 - Diminishing Returns The Unthinkable has come to pass: The wealth of the oceans, once deemed inexhaustible, has proven finite, and fish, once dubbed “the poor man’s protein,” have become a resource coveted - and fought over - by nations. Michael Parfit, National Geographic, Nov. 1995

3. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 3 - Scale of Fisheries Today Worldwide –37,000 Ships –12 million fishermen –78 million metric tons Bering Sea –56% of Total US Fishery Production –1.2 million metric tons of Walleye Pollock –1 Billion US Dollars

4. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 4 - Bering Sea Fisheries Issues Diminished Resource –Red Salmon Crash in 1997, 1998 Marine Mammals –50 to 80% decline in Stellar Sea Lions since 1980 Safety –146 people died from 1991 through 1996 Bycatch –As high as 63% in some fisheries –100 million dollar loss

5. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 5 - Economic Survival In order to survive economically today’s fisherman needs to be more efficient than his predecessors.

6. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 6 - What do Fishermen Need to Know Where the fish are –Target Species –Undesired and Prohibited Species What are the fishing conditions –Surface Winds –Sea State –Temperature –Ice

7. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 7 - What Factors Affect Fish Location Food –Primary Productivity Depth Temperature –Different Species prefer different temperatures Structure –Bathymetry –Shoreline –Temperature –Turbidity, etc.

8. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 8 - Where are the Fish? Static Data Bathymetry Shoreline Snags Historical Catch Data

9. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 9 - Where are the Fish? Dynamic Data Sea Temperature Ocean Productivity Oceanic Fronts Turbidity Salinity Sea State Ice Conditions Tides Mixed Layer Depth Weather Direct Fish Indicators –Birds –Feeding Slicks Ship Location

10. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 10 - What can Satellite Data Provide Sea Temperature –Sea Surface Temperature –Buoy Temperature at 40 m Ocean Productivity –Primary Productivity (Chlorophyll) Ocean Fronts –Altimetry (currents) –Sea Surface Temperature –Ocean Color –Synthetic Aperture Radar Turbidity –Ocean Color Salinity –modeled from ice & terrestrial outflow Sea State –Significant Wave Height –Sea Surface Winds Ice –Ice Concentrations and Indications of Thickness

11. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 11 - What can Satellite Data Provide Tides –Model input from altimetry Mixed layer depth –Model based on satellite data Direct Fish Indicators –Not timely Weather –Highs and Lows –Winds –Temperature –Sea State –Precipitation Ship Location –GPS –Radarsat

12. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 12 - Sea Surface Temperature Uses Many species prefer a specific temperature range –Adult Pacific Halibut 2-8°C –Adult Walleye Pollock 0-7°C Oceanic Fronts Upwelling Change over time shows current

13. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 13 - Sea Surface Temperature East Coast Example

14. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 14 - Sea Surface Temperature AVHRR –Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer –1.1 km resolution –4 passes / day –5 bands from.58 to 12.5 microns –Subject to clouds

15. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 15 - Sea Surface Temperature AVHRR

16. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 16 - Sea Surface Temperature AVHRR Bering Sea cloud cover is 55 to 80%. You could expect to wait up to 3 weeks to get cloud free coverage of any given area. Russel Page, Anchorage NWS Ice Forecaster

17. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 17 - Sea Surface Temperature Microwave Instruments TRMM –Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission –35°S to 35°N latitude only SSM/I –Special Sensor Microwave/Imager –Extracted from microwave 0.35 to 1.55 cm –about 50 km resolution –sees through clouds

18. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 18 - Sea Surface Temperature SSM/I

19. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 19 - Sea Surface Temperature Models FNMOC - OTIS –Fleet Numerical Meteorological and Oceanographic Center - Optimal Thermal Interpolation System –Runs at eddy resolving scale (  ° or better) –Only 2  ° resolution currently released to public (1° promised) MODAS –Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System –Developed for Navy Sonar uses –Gives Sea Temperature, Mixed layer depth, Acoustic Profiles

20. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 20 - Sea Surface Temperature MODAS

21. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 21 - Sea Surface Temperature National Weather Service Combines multiple datasets –AVHRR –Ships of Opportunity –Buoys Hand / Machine contoured to compensate for missing data

22. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 22 - Sea Surface Temperature National Weather Service

23. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 23 - Fisheries GIS FishTrek98

24. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 24 - Historical Catch Yellow - Yellowfin Sole Lavender - Walleye Pollock Turquoise - Pacific Herring Red - Pacific Halibut Green - Alaska Plaice Dark Blue - Arrowtooth Flounder CPUE Catch Per Unit Effort

25. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 25 - Historical Catch vs Temperature Yellow - Yellowfin Sole Lavender - Walleye Pollock Turquoise - Pacific Herring Red - Pacific Halibut Green - Alaska Plaice Dark Blue - Arrowtooth Flounder

26. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 26 - Bathymetry 10 fm Contours (60 ft)

27. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 27 - Upwelling Story Bathymetry 10 Fm Contours (60 Ft) CPUE Lavender - Walleye Pollock Red - Pacific Halibut Temperature Dark Blue - 0-2°C Turquoise - 2-4°C Green - 4-6°C Yellow - 6-8°C The Bering Sea food chain is partly driven by the upwelling of nutrient rich deep cold water along the shelf break. This water is then advected shoreward. => Look for cold water along the shelf break.

28. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 28 - NWS Sea Surface Temperature January 5, 1999 Purple -- Ice Edge White -- 0° C Dark Blue -- 1-2° C Light Blue -- 3-4° C Olive Drab -- 5-6° C Yellow -- 7-8° C Red -- 9-12° C

29. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 29 - NWS SST and Bathymetry 10 Fm Contours (60 Ft) January 5, 1999 Purple -- Ice Edge White -- 0° C Dark Blue -- 1-2° C Light Blue -- 3-4° C Olive Drab -- 5-6° C Yellow -- 7-8° C Red -- 9-12° C

30. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 30 - Delivery Frequency –NWS SST updated twice per week File Size –about 50 KB per dataset Method –email

31. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 31 - At Sea Email Systems Orbcomm (Low Earth Orbit Satellite) –$10 / KB –$500 per dataset Pin Oak (Single Side Band HF) –$0.95 / KB –$47.50 per dataset Inmarsat Mini-M (Satellite) – $0.17 / KB ??? (based on $3/min & 2400 baud) –$8.50 per dataset

32. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 32 - Synthetic Aperture Radar Radarsat –Active Source –About 2 day revisit period at 60°N –8 meter (fine beam) to 100 m (scan) ERS –About 16 day revisit period at 60°N –Typically 30 m

33. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 33 - Synthetic Aperture Radar ERS-1 SAR image of the Bering Sea shelf break between the Pribilof Islands and Umnak Island (Aleutian Islands). The most striking feature is an eddy with diameter of 80 km. The eddy is characterized by concentric curvilinear lines which are most likely associated with the current shears and temperature contrasts. The dark areas are very calm surfaces which are probably caused by local low wind and cold water masses. On the right of the scene is an internal wave packet which consists of five rank- ordered solitons generated at the shelf break.

34. Scientific Fishery Systems, Inc. - 34 - Final Thought In order to (a) understand, model and predict the effects of ocean conditions on marine fish populations, (b) to efficiently harvest marine fish stocks, and © ultimately, to effectively and rationally manage many marine fisheries, information is required on the “changing ocean” rather than the “average ocean”. Michael Laurs, National Marine Fisheries Service 4/97