1. חוק המכפלה

2. It is always in ! The 3-boxes paradox

3. Peculiar example: a failure of the product rule

5. פרדוקס של חרדי

8. Weak Measurements

9. Quantum measurement of

10. Weak quantum measurement of

13. The outcomes of weak measurements are weak values Weak value of a variable C of a pre- and post-selected system described at time t by the two-state vector

14. Weak measurement of with post-selection

17. The outcomes of weak measurements are weak values Weak value of a variable C of a pre- and post-selected system described at time t by the two-state vector

18. Weak value of a variable C of a pre- and post-selected system described at time t by the two-state vector The outcomes of weak measurements are weak values

19. Pointer probability distribution Weak measurements performed on a pre- and post-selected ensemble ! Weak Measurement of The particle pre-selected The particle post-selected

20. How the result of a measurement of a component of the spin of a spin-1/2 particle can turn out to be 100 Y. Aharonov, D. Albert, and L. Vaidman PRL 60, 1351 (1988) Realization of a measurement of a ``weak value'' Realization of a measurement of a ``weak value'' N. W. M. Ritchie, J. G. Story, and R. G. Hulet Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1107-1110 (1991) The outcomes of weak measurements are weak values

21. Observation of the Spin Hall Effect of Light via Weak Measurements Science 8 February 2008: Amplifying a Tiny Optical Effect K. J. Resch O. Hosten and P. Kwiat “In the first work on weak measurement (AAV), it was speculated that the technique could be useful in amplifying and measuring small effects. Now, 20 years later, this potential has finally been realized.”

23. Weak-measurement elements of reality If we can infer that the quantum wave of the pointer of the measuring device which measures C will, in the limit of weak interaction, be shifted without distortion by the value c, then there is a weak element o reality

24. Weak-measurement elements of reality If we can infer that the quantum wave of the pointer of the measuring device which measures C will, in the limit of weak interaction, be shifted without distortion by the value c, then there is a weak element o reality

25. Weak-measurement elements of reality If we can infer that the quantum wave of the pointer of the measuring device which measures C will, in the limit of weak interaction, be shifted without distortion by the value c, then there is a weak element o reality

26. Weak-measurement elements of reality If we can infer that the quantum wave of the pointer of the measuring device which measures C will, in the limit of weak interaction, be shifted without distortion by the value c, then there is a weak element o reality

27. Two useful theorems: If is an element of reality then If then is an element of reality For dichotomic variables: The three box paradox Tunneling particle has (weak) negative kinetic energy