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1 Fundamentals of Management Sixth Edition Robbins and DeCenzo With contributions from Henry Moon Chapter 4 : Foundations of decision making 決策制定的基礎 Fall 2009 Revised by Grace F. Wang
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2 決策制定的基礎 Chapter 4 4.1 決策的程序 4.2 問題的確認 4.3 決策:理性模式 4.4 真實世界:理性模型的修正 4.5 決策:一個權變的觀點 4.6 決策風格 4.7 群體決策 4.8 國家文化與決策型態的實務 ※ 補充講義:決策的程序 pp.1~109
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3 4.1 決策的程序 問題的 確認 決策準則 的界定 分配決策 準則的權重 發展替代 方案 分析替代 方案 選擇最佳 方案 決策的 執行 評估決策 效能 圖表 4-2 決策制定的程序
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4 決策者如何對準則給予權重? 列出與評估所有可能方案 – 決策者列出可以成功解決問題的所有可能方案 – 列出可行方案後,決策者應該審慎地分析每一 個方案,每一個方案依準則分別加以評估。 – 有些評斷是可以用比較客觀的方式得到,但是 某些評估則完全是個人的判斷了。 – 重點是大多數的決策中包含判斷,這些判斷在 第二步驟中的準則選擇、權重設立,以及方案 的評估中就已反映出來了。
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5 4.2.3 「最佳」方案憑什麼決定? 由計算後的各個方案中選擇最佳方案的關 鍵行為。 既然已經決定了決策關聯的因素,也賦予 了權重而且界定了可行的方案,所要做的 就是選出得分最高的替代方案。
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6 補充講義 : The Decision-Making Process Identification of a Problem Identification of Decision Criteria Allocation of Weights to Criteria Price Interior Comfort Durability Handling Repair Record Performance Price Interior Comfort Durability Repair Record Performance Handling 10 8 5 3 1 I need to buy a new car.
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7 Development of Alternatives Analysis of Alternatives Ford Jeep Mazda Dodge Audi Isuzu Chevy Selection of an Alternative Implementation of the Alternative Appraisal of Decision Results Price Comfort Durability Repair Record Performance The Toyota is the best. Toyota ChevyIsuzuAudiDodgeMazdaJeepFordToyota
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8 1.Awareness of Discrepancy 發覺現實與期望有差異 2.Pressure to Act 有行動的壓力 3.Sufficient Resources to Do Something 有充分的資源行事 Step 2.Identifying Decision Criteria 確認決策準則 為了解決問題,哪些考慮因素與決策相關? 哪些無關? What are relevant ? What are not relevant ? Step 1. Identifying a Problem 問題的確認
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9 Based on : 1. Personal Preference 個人喜好 2. Business Importance 業務上的重要性 Step 4. Developing Alternatives 發展替代方案 List all the viable alternatives based on all the information and knowledge the decision maker has. Step 3. Allocating Weights to the Criteria 分派決策準則的權重
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10 Step 5. Analyzing Alternatives 分析替代方案 根據下列三項謹慎評估每個方案: the criteria identified 決策準則 the weights given to the criteria 決策準則的權重 the decision maker’s assessment 決策者的評估 Step 6. Selecting an Alternative 選擇最佳方案 Choose the best alternative after evaluation. Step 7. Implementing the Alternative 決策的執行 Convey the decision to those affected. 將決策告知受影響者 Obtain their commitment to it. 取得他們對決策的承諾
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11 Exhibit 4-5 (Modified) Weighting and Assessment of Vehicles Alternatives ( 此為縮減版,以利講解;詳閱中譯教本, pp.107~108) Alternatives (Weight) Initial Price (10) Interior Comfort (8) Durability (5) Repair Record (5) Perfor- mance (3) Handling (1) Total Weighted Score Jeep2108755195 Ford965686223 Mazda5691077221 Audi585410 199 Toyota6510 66 224 * VW866578212 *Toyota 為最佳方案,因其得分最高
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12 ◆ Does the problem still exit ? 問題是否仍然存在? ◆ Was the problem defined properly ? 問題是否被適當地定義? ◆ Where all alternatives evaluated accurately ? 所有的可行方案是否被正確地評估? ◆ Was the right alternative chosen ? 是否選擇正確的方案? ◆ Was implementation effective ? 決策的執行是否有效? ※以上各步驟的說明可參閱中譯教本, pp.104~109 Step 8. Evaluating Decision Effectiveness 評估決策效果
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