1. Marine Biology : Introduction to Marine Environment

2. Marine Environment Properties of water Basic oceanography Ecological principles Larval ecology Terrestrial vs. Marine ecosystems Divisions of marine environment

3. Oceans: seawater 71% surface 3.8 km depth 1.370 x 10 6 km 3 volume Presence of all phyla

4. Water property

5. Solvent actions of water

6. Water property Surface tension Conduct of heat Viscosity Latent heat of evaporation Heat capacity Density (Temp, Salinity, Pressure) Dissolving ability

7. Seawater property 96.5% water + 3.5% dissolved compounds (salt) Salinity: 34-37 psu ppt % o PSU (practical salinity unit)

9. (Evaporation – Precipitation) Equator

10. Seawater constituents: Principle of constant proportions Major (99.28%): Cl (55.04%); Na (30.61%); SO 4 -2 ; Mg; Ca; K Minor (0.71%): HCO 3 ; Br; HBO 3 ; Sr (Strontium) The remaining 0.01%: (not constant) Nitrate; phosphate; SiO 2 ; trace metals; organic compounds; gases (O 2 and CO 2 )

13. Basic oceanography Oceans: 4 divisions + marginal seas

15. Basic oceanography Oceans: 4 divisions + marginal seas Continental shelf, slope, rise, & abyssal plain Seamount & trench

17. Basic oceanography Oceans: 4 divisions + marginal seas Continental shelf, slope, rise, & abyssal plain Seamount & trench

18. Basic oceanography Oceans: 4 divisions + marginal seas Continental shelf, slope, rise, & abyssal plain Seamount & trench Tectonic plates ( 板塊 )

20. Plate Tectonics Continental drift Seafloor spreading

22. Plate Tectonics Continental drift Seafloor spreading Subduction Hydrothermal vents

23. Temperature and vertical stratification Metabolism: Q10 Preference & tolerance Poikilothermic or ectothermic vs. homeothermic or endothermic Thermocline (50-300m) Picnocline Surface water temperature: SST

25. T-S diagram: Sigma-t (  t ) = (density – 1) x 1000

27. Light: solar radiation Photosynthetic Active Radiation Euphotic, disphotic, aphotic Light extinction coefficient K = (ln I 0 – ln I d ) / depth (m)

31. Wave Wind wave height: wind speed, distance wind blows, duration wind blows Wavelength

34. Current Predominant wind Ekman spiral: Corioris effect

39. Upwelling Coastal upwelling Equatorial upwelling

42. Circulation of seawater Antarctic convergence: cooling of saline water from equator >>> intermediate water masses Antarctic circumpolar: freezing causes cold and saline water sink >>>Antarctic bottom

43. Atlantic

44. Pacific

45. Indian ocean

46. Ocean conveyor belt Thermohaline circulation Slowing or shut-down: cooling of Europe

48. Internal wave Flow over tough topography Propagate along the picnocline Weak surface slick Mix deep water in thermocline Luzon channel

50. Ecological principles Ecology, Species, community, ecosystem Ecosystem components: autotrophic vs. heterotrophic; trophic structure, trophic level, food web vs. food chain

51. Biomass pyramid Energy pyramid

52. Biogeochemical cycles Carbon cycle Phosphorus cycle Nitrogen cycle

53. Carbon cycle

54. Phosphorus cycle

55. Nitrogen cycle

56. Ecosystem structure Niche: fundamental & realized niches Habitat Dominant Species richness, diversity: species richness not equal to stable environment Liebig’s law od the minimum: limiting factor

57. Ecological control Competition: competitive exclusion principle Predation: predator vs. prey Grazing Keystone species or key industry species

58. Benthic invertebrates: distribution & abundance Recruitment Migration Asexual reproduction Mortality

59. Larval types Planktotrophic larvae: mostly in tropics, shallow water Lecithotrophic: more towards polar regions and the deep sea Non pelagic (no free-swimming larvae): as lecithotrophic larvae

60. PlanktotrophicLecithotrophic Nonpelagic

61. Factors affecting larval settlement

62. K Selection vs. r selection

63. Opportunistic vs. equilibrium species life-history strategy Higher frequency of disturbances favors r selective species Unequal distribution of disturbance allows coexistence

65. Terrestrial vs. marine ecosystems Carbohydrates vs. proteins Vertical distribution Large vs. small primary producer Carnivores common in marine environment More productive on land; more efficient in energy transfer in marine food chains ay lower levels Marine food chains much more complicated