1. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing The Dutch Approach Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Leo van den Berg Senior Consultant

2. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach Index History MobiMiles - Reference model MobiMiles - Implementation MobiMiles - Organisation MobiMiles - Status Conclusion

3. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach Index History MobiMiles - Reference model MobiMiles - Implementation MobiMiles - Organisation MobiMiles - Status Conclusion

4. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach History-Context More than 8 million motor vehicles (6,5 million private cars) Vehicle growth > 4% 1 car per 2 inhabitants Speeds during rush-hour < 60 km/hour Between 60 and 80 > 80 km/hour

5. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach History-Context Pre-trip Choice Traffic On-trip Choice Monitoring Travel Demand Travel Information Traffic Information Traffic Flow Control Demand Management

6. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach History-Investigation Research focused on fully automatic ¨Toll driving¨ with free flowing traffic. This means toll gates and: –DSRC (vehicle roadside communication) –On-board unit –Smart card ¨on the spot¨ payment –Fully automatic enforcement –Error: < 1 * 10 -6 Technology driven project. Other issues (legislation, economic effects, policy issues, social impact etc.) were left out.

7. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach History-Field trials Based on a basic specification a Request for Proposal was commissioned. Test should give answers for: –Detection of the vehicle –Localization of the vehicle –Automatic financial transaction –Digital picture Result: Road Pricing was feasible but new technology was needed. But how to cope with decreasing social acceptance of toll driving?

8. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach MobiMiles Existing project was expensive and based on the traditional Design and Build of the Ministry. The popularity for alternative forms of payment increased: variable kilometre charging, a fairer form of charging depending on time and location. The Minister requested short term ¨technology scouting¨ for kilometre charging –How should we implement it? –With what technology? –How can we have a short term field trial? MobiMiles concept was launched!

9. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach Index History MobiMiles - Reference model MobiMiles - Implementation MobiMiles - Organisation MobiMiles - Status Conclusion

10. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach MobiMiles – Model requirements 1.Mobimiles must variabilise and differentiate the costs of road use. 2.Mobimiles must comply with the most stringent privacy requirements and expectations. 3.Mobimiles must be reliable and enforceable 4.Mobimiles must establish a link between demand for and availability of the road infrastructure. 5.Mobimiles must be introduced in a manner attractive to the user. 6.Mobimiles must be based on a solid architecture.

11. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach MobiMiles – Reference model Network Location Services Network Verification Services Network Region Services Network Payment Services Trusted Wallet Position Information Account Status Request Road type Information

12. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach MobiMiles – Reference model The reference model has 5 main components: –Cost calculation (Trusted Wallet) –Charge distribution (Network Region Services) –Location determination of the vehicle (Network Location Services) –Payment (Network Payment Services) –Enforcement (Network Verification Services)

13. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach Index History MobiMiles - Reference model MobiMiles - Implementation MobiMiles - Organisation MobiMiles - Status Conclusion

14. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach MobiMiles – Implementation Cost calculation Trusted Wallet takes care of: –Adding and deducting the MobiMiles –Storage function –Identification (user to MobiMiles) –Monitoring integrity Trusted Wallet could be: –Chipknip (existing bankcard) –SIM card (as used in mobile phone) –New chipcard (such as the mobility pass)

15. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach MobiMiles – Implementation Charge distribution Road network broken down in road sections Every section has its own charge code Each charge code implies a cost level Charge code can change over time Some sections could have a ¨negative¨ charge code: The user ¨earns¨ points.

16. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach MobiMiles – Implementation Charge distribution 06:00 07:0008:00

17. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach MobiMiles – Implementation Enforcement System must be highly fraud resistance! –How to detect falsification of data –How to detect evasion The greater the profit from participating in the system, the less will be the urge to act fraudulently! Random unexpected interaction with the system is needed to detect fraud! ¨Digital enforcement¨

18. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach MobiMiles – Implementation Enforcement

19. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach MobiMiles – Scenario 1 GPS module DSRC SMARTCARD SIM CARD Position Information Account Status Request Road type Information

20. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach MobiMiles – Scenario 2 GPS module DSRC GSM/ GPRS/ UMTS GSM/ GPRS/ UMTS SIM CARD Position Information Account Status Request Road type Information

21. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach Index History MobiMiles - Reference model MobiMiles - Implementation MobiMiles - Organisation MobiMiles - Status Conclusion

22. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach MoviMiles – Organisation Service operator Tax Office Service providers Service providers Service providers Service providers Service providers Service requester

23. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach MoviMiles – Organisation B2C Services Business to Customer –Travel and Traffic information –Ticket reservation –Tourist information –Parking information and reservation –Internet –Gaming –Etc.

24. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach Index History MobiMiles - Reference model MobiMiles - Implementation MobiMiles - Organisation MobiMiles - Status Conclusion

25. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach MoviMiles – Status Completely changed political climate in the Netherlands –Increase of ¨service level¨ of existing infrastructure (improve public transport, more new roads) –No implementation of MobiMiles in this governmental period.

26. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach Index History MobiMiles - Reference model MobiMiles - Implementation MobiMiles - Organisation MobiMiles - Status Conclusion

27. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach Conclusion MobiMiles is a new and innovative approach to solve traffic problems in the Netherlands Mobility pricing depends on time and location It can be build from ¨Custom off-the-shelf¨ products By using an open architecture, extra (customer) services can be added

28. 0 Ministry of Transport, Water Management and Public Works Directorate-General Rijkswaterstaat Transport Research Centre Road Pricing Seminar Valencia, 26th of september 2002 Road Pricing - The Dutch Approach Conclusion Questions?