1. Chapter 2 Neuroscience

2. A Little Exercise
See in class!

3. Brain and Mind

4. Topics to Explore The Neuron The Peripheral Nervous System
The Central Nervous System

5. Part 1 The Neuron

6. Neuron and Its Parts
Neuron: Individual nerve cell; 100 billion in brain
Dendrites: Receive messages from other neurons; have thousands of branches
Soma: Cell body; metabolic center of neuron; contains genetic material
Axon: Carries information away from the cell body; longest part of neuron
Axon Terminals: Branches that link the dendrites and soma of other neurons
Synaptic Gap: Space between the end of the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of an adjacent neuron

7. Picture of a Neuron

8. The Nerve Impulse
Resting Potential: Electrical charge of an inactive neuron
Threshold: Trigger point for a neuron’s firing
Action Potential: Nerve impulse

9. Resting Potential
Resting Potential: Tiny charge between inside & outside of neuron
Created by electrically charged particles (ions)
Some concentrated outside the cell (sodium and chloride ions)
Some concentrated inside the cell (Potassium ions)
How is the charge maintained?
Sodium-potassium pump
Selectively permeable cell membrane

10. Action Potential
Action potential: Change in potential, primarily because of messages from other neurons
Excitatory messages: Cell loses the negative charge; Depolarization
Inhibitory messages: Cell becomes more negatively charged; Hyperpolarization

11. Resting vs. Action Potential

12. Graphic: Action Potential

13. Graphic: Action Potential

14. Graphic: Synaptic Gap

15. Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters: Chemicals that alter activity in neurons; brain chemicals. Messages from one neuron to another pass over the synapse, the microscopic gap between neurons
Receptor Site: Areas on the surface of neurons and other cells that are sensitive to neurotransmitters
Antagonist: drug that decreases activity of a neurotrans-mitter

16. Some Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine: involved in learning, memory, and muscle contractions. Botulism toxin prevents release of acetylcholine, resulting in paralysis
Dopamine: involved in arousal, mood, and movement. In Parkinson’s, receptors in brain fail to react to dopamine, leading to tremors, rigidity and problems initiating movement
Serotonin and Norepinephrine: involved in arousal and mood. Cocaine blocks re-uptake of both neurotransmitters, resulting in “high”
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid): main inhibitory neurotrans-mitter; lowers arousal and anxiety
Endorphins: lower pain perception. Morphine and heroin bind to endorphin receptors, increasing endorphin activity.

17. Nerves and Neurons Nerves: Large bundles of neurons
Myelin: Fatty layer of tissue that coats axons
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) occurs when myelin layer is destroyed; numbness, weakness, and paralysis occur

18. Demonstration of the speed of a neural impulse.
A Little Exercise
Demonstration of the speed of a neural impulse.

19. An Organizational Pause: Organization of the Nervous System

20. Major Sections of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System: All parts of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord
- Autonomic System: Serves internal organs and glands; controls automatic functions such as heart rate and blood pressure
- Somatic System: Links spinal cord with skeletal muscles and sense organs; controls voluntary behavior

21. Organization of Nervous System

22. Graphic: Nervous System

23. Part 2 The Peripheral Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
The Somatic Nervous System

24. Divisions of Autonomic System
Sympathetic: Arouses body; emergency system
Parasympathetic: Quiets body; most active after an emotional event

25. Functions of Autonomic Nervous System

26. Three Components of Emotion
Physical component: state of physiological arousal triggered by autonomic nervous system
Behavioral component: outward expression of the emotion, including facial expression & behavior
Cognitive component: appraisal of the situation to determine which emotion we are experiencing and why

27. James-Lange Theory of Emotion

28. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

29. Schachter-Singer Theory

30. Comparison of Three Theories of Emotion

31. Somatic Nervous System
Motor Nervous System: transfers messages from CNS to control function of voluntary muscles
Sensory Nervous System: transfers messages from sensory organs to CNS; brings information from outside the body to the brain to be processed

32. Structures in Somatic System
Sensory neuron: neuron that transmits information from sensory organ to CNS
Motor neuron: neuron that transmits information from CNS to voluntary muscle
Connector neuron: neuron in spinal cord connecting sensory and motor neurons to form reflex arc.
Reflex: An innate, automatic motor response to a specific sensory stimulus

33. Graphic: Somatic Nervous System

34. Motor & Somatosensory Areas in Cerebral Cortex

35. Motor Homunculus
“homunculus” = “a diminutive human being”

36. Somesthetic Homunculus

37. A Little Exercise
A demonstration of the somatosensory system, using toothpicks and little rulers.

38. Part 3 The Central Nervous System
The Spinal Cord
The Brain
- The Central Core
- The Limbic System
- The Cerebral Cortex

39. The Spinal Cord
Spinal Nerves: 31 of them; carry sensory and motor messages to and from the spinal cord
Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs that leave the brain directly; also work to communicate messages
Spinal cord functions to connect peripheral nervous system to the brain

40. The Central Core (aka the “old brain”)
Medulla: Connects brain with the spinal cord and controls vital life functions such as heart rate and breathing
Cerebellum: Regulates posture, muscle tone, muscular coordination, and procedural learning
Reticular formation: Associated with levels of arousal and consciousness, as well as some reflexes (breathing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting)
Thalamus: serves as a relay station for incoming sensory Information
Basal ganglia: involved in physical movement

41. Graphic: Central Core

42. The Limbic System
At the top border (limbus in Latin) of the brain stem.
Hypothalamus: controls pituitary gland (directing activity of endocrine system) and autonomic nervous system; involved in basic drives (eating, drinking, sex)
Hippocampus: involved in formation of memories
Amygdala: involved in regulating emotional experiences, particularly initial emotional responses

43. Graphic: Limbic System

44. Neocortex Cerebral Cortex: Outer layer of the cerebrum
Cerebrum: Two large hemispheres that cover upper part of the brain
Corticalization: Increase in size and wrinkling of the cortex
Cerebral Hemispheres: Right and left halves of the cerebrum
Corpus Callosum: Bundle of fibers connecting cerebral hemispheres

45. Graphic: Relative Size

46. Graphic: Corpus Callosum

47. Left & Right Hemispheres

48. Left Brain/Right Brain
About 95 percent of our left brain is used for language
Left hemisphere better at math, judging time and rhythm, and coordinating order of complex movements
Processes information sequentially
Right hemisphere good at perceptual skills, and at expressing and detecting other’s emotions
Processes information simultaneously

49. Graphic: Left vs. Right

50. Lobes of the Neocortex Occipital Lobe: Back of brain; vision center
Parietal Lobe: Just above occipital; bodily sensations such as touch, pain, and temperature (somatosensory area)
Temporal Lobe: Each side of the brain; auditory and language centers
Frontal Lobe: Movement, sense of smell, higher mental functions; contains motor cortex; controls motor movement

51. Graphic: Lobes