1. MBMC Inflation and Aggregate Supply

2. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 2 Inflation, Spending, and Output: The Aggregate Demand Curve Aggregate Demand (AD) Curve Shows the relationship between short-run equilibrium output Y and the rate of inflation,  The name of the curve reflects the fact that short-run equilibrium output is determined by, and equals, total planned spending in the economy

3. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 3 Inflation, Spending, and Output: The Aggregate Demand Curve Aggregate Demand (AD) Curve Increases in inflation reduce planned spending and short-run equilibrium output, so the aggregate demand curve is downward-sloping

4. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 4 Inflation, Spending, and Output: The Aggregate Demand Curve Inflation, the Fed, and the AD Curve The Keynesian model assumes output adjusts to demand at preset prices in the short run. Prices do not remain fixed indefinitely. The Keynesian model does not explain the behavior of inflation.

5. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 5 The Aggregate Demand Curve Output Y AD Aggregate Demand Curve An increase in  reduces Y (all other factors held constant) Inflation 

6. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 6 Inflation, Spending, and Output: The Aggregate Demand Curve Inflation, the Fed, and the AD Curve A primary objective of the Fed is to maintain a low and stable inflation rate. Inflation is likely to occur when Y > Y*. To control inflation, the Fed must keep Y from exceeding Y*.

7. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 7 Inflation, Spending, and Output: The Aggregate Demand Curve Inflation, the Fed, and the AD Curve The Fed can reduce autonomous expenditure by raising the interest rate.   increases r increases autonomous spending decreases Y decreases (AD curve)

8. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 8 Inflation, Spending, and Output: The Aggregate Demand Curve Other Reasons for the Downward Slope of the AD Curve Real value of money Distributional effects Uncertainty Prices of domestic goods and services sold abroad

9. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 9 Effect of An Increase In Exogenous Spending Output Y AD Exogenous Spending: spending unrelated to Y or r Fiscal policy Technology Foreign demand AD’ An increase in exogenous spending shifts AD to AD’ and vice versa Inflation 

10. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 10 A Shift In The Fed’s Policy Reaction Function Real interest rate set by Fed, r Output Y Inflation  New policy reaction function Fed “tightens” monetary policy – shifting reaction curve Old policy reaction function AD AD’ The new Fed policy increases r and AD shifts to AD’

11. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 11 Inflation, Spending, and Output: The Aggregate Demand Curve Movements Along the AD Curve  and Y are inversely related Changes in  cause a change in Y or a movement along the AD curve  increases r increases planned spending decreases Y decreases

12. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 12 Inflation, Spending, and Output: The Aggregate Demand Curve Shifts of the AD Curve Any factor that changes Y at a given  shifts the AD curve. Shifts of the AD curve can be caused by:  Changes in exogenous spending.  Changes in the Fed’s policy reaction function.

13. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 13 Inflation and Aggregate Supply Inflation will remain roughly constant, or have inertia, if operating at Y* and there are no external shocks to the price level.

14. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 14 Inflation and Aggregate Supply Three factors that can increase the inflation rate Output gap Inflation shock Shock to potential output

15. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 15 Inflation and Aggregate Supply Inflation Inertia In industrial economies (U.S.), inflation tends to change slowly from year to year. The inflation inertia occurs for two reasons:  Inflation expectations  Long-term wage and price contracts

16. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 16 A Virtuous Circle of Low Inflation and Low Expected Inflation

17. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 17 Inflation and Aggregate Supply Long-term Wage and Price Contracts Union wage contracts set wages for several years. Contracts setting the price of raw materials and parts for manufacturing firms also cover several years. These long-term contracts reflect the inflation expectations at the time they are signed.

18. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 18 The Output Gap and Inflation Relationship of output to potential outputBehavior of inflation 1. No output gapInflation remains unchanged Y = Y* 2. Expansionary gapInflation rises Y > Y*  3. Recessionary gapInflation falls Y < Y* 

19. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 19 Inflation and Aggregate Supply The Output Gap and Inflation If Y* = Y  An increase in exogenous spending creates and expansionary gap (Y > Y*) – inflation increases  A decrease in exogenous spending creates a recessionary gap (Y < Y*) and inflation decreases

20. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 20 Inflation and Aggregate Supply The Aggregate Demand—Aggregate Supply Diagram Long-run aggregate supply (LRAS)  A vertical line showing the economy’s potential output Y*

21. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 21 Inflation and Aggregate Supply The Aggregate Demand—Aggregate Supply Diagram Short-run Aggregate Supply (SRAS)  A horizontal line showing the current rate of inflation, as determined by past expectations and pricing decisions

22. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 22 Inflation and Aggregate Supply The Aggregate Demand—Aggregate Supply Diagram Short-run Equilibrium  A situation in which inflation equals the value determined by past expectations and pricing decisions and output equals the level of short- run equilibrium output that is consistent with that inflation rate  Graphically, short-run equilibrium occurs at the intersection of the AD curve and the SRAS line

23. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 23 The Aggregate Demand-Aggregate Supply (AD-AS) Diagram Output Inflation π Aggregate demand, AD Long-run aggregate supply, LRAS A Y*Y Short-run aggregate supply, SRAS Short-run equilibrium Y: SRAS(  ) = AD Y < Y* -- recessionary gap  and Y adjust to the gap  decreases & Y increases Long-run equilibrium AD, SRAS (  *), LRAS (Y*) will intersect at the same point

24. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 24 Inflation and Aggregate Supply The Aggregate Demand—Aggregate Supply Diagram Long-run Equilibrium  A situation in which actual output equals potential output and the inflation rate is stable  Graphically, long-run equilibrium occurs when the AD curve, the SRAS line, and the LRAS line all intersect at a single point

25. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 25 Inflation and Aggregate Supply A Review of the Adjustment Process to a Recessionary Gap Firms that are selling less than they want to will start to lower prices. As  falls the Fed lowers r and AD increases. Falling  reduces uncertainty which also increases AD

26. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 26 Inflation and Aggregate Supply A Review of the Adjustment Process to a Recessionary Gap As Y increases, cyclical unemployment falls (Okun’s Law) Adjustment continues until long-run equilibrium is reached.

27. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 27 The Adjustment of Inflation When A Recessionary Gap Exists Output Inflation AD LRAS A Y SRAS  Y* SRAS’ B **

28. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 28 The Adjustment of Inflation When A Expansionary Gap Exists Output Inflation Long-run aggregate supply LRAS A AD Y*Y SRAS  B Short-run Eq. Y Expansionary gap Y > Y*  rises, AD falls – Y falls Long-run equilibrium at Y*,  * ** SRAS’

29. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 29 Inflation and Aggregate Supply The Self-Correcting Economy In the long-run the economy tends to be self-correcting. The Keynesian model does not include a self-correcting mechanism.

30. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 30 Inflation and Aggregate Supply The Self-Correcting Economy The Keynesian model concentrates on the short-run with no price adjustment. The self-correcting mechanism concentrates on the long-run with price adjustments.

31. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 31 Inflation and Aggregate Supply The Self-Correcting Economy A slow self-correcting mechanism  Fiscal and monetary policy can help stabilize the economy. A fast self-correcting mechanism  Fiscal and monetary policy are not effective and may destabilize the economy.

32. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 32 Inflation and Aggregate Supply The Self-Correcting Economy The speed of correction will depend on:  The use of long-term contracts.  The efficiency and flexibility of labor markets. Fiscal and monetary policy are most useful when attempting to eliminate large output gaps.

33. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 33 War and Military Buildup As A Source of Inflation Output Inflation Output Inflation Y B AD’ Y B Increase in military spending causes AD to increase Creates an expansionary gap -- Y > Y* AD LRAS A Y* SRAS LRAS A Y* SRAS   ’’ SRAS’ C  increases shifting SRAS to SRAS’ Long-run equilibrium back to Y* with  *

34. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 34 Sources of Inflation What Do You Think? Does the Fed have the power to prevent the increased inflation that is induced by a rise in military spending?  Hint: Can the Fed reduce AD?

35. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 35 Sources of Inflation What Do You Think? What is the cost of avoiding inflation during a military buildup?

36. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 36 Sources of Inflation Economic Naturalist How did inflation get started in the United States in the 1960s?  1959-63 inflation averaged about 1%  By 1970 inflation was 7%

37. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 37 Sources of Inflation Economic Naturalist How did inflation get started in the United States in the 1960s?  Fiscal policy oIncreases in defense spending »1965 = $50.6 billion or 7.4% of GDP »1968 = $81.9 billion or 9.4% of GDP

38. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 38 Sources of Inflation Economic Naturalist How did inflation get started in the United States in the 1960s?  Fiscal policy oIncreased spending on Great Society and war on poverty initiatives  Monetary policy oThe Fed did not try to offset the increase in government spending

39. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 39 Sources of Inflation Inflation Shock A sudden change in the normal behavior of inflation, unrelated to the nation’s output gap

40. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 40 Sources of Inflation Inflation Shock -- Examples OPEC embargo of 1973 Drop in oil prices in 1986

41. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 41 Sources of Inflation Economic Naturalist Why did inflation escalate in the United States in the 1970s?

42. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 42 The Effects of An Adverse Inflation Shock Output Inflation AD’ C No policy --  falls; long-run eq. at A With policy--AD shifts to AD’; Y = Y*;  rises to  * AD LRAS A Y*Y* SRAS Equilibrium @ A--Y* = Y  Y’ B SRAS’ Inflation shock,  increases to  ‘ (SRAS’) Short-run eq. At B, Y < Y*; recessionary gap and higher inflation (stagflation) ’’

43. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 43 Sources of Inflation Observation Sustained inflation is possible only if monetary policy is sufficiently expansionary.

44. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 44 The Effects of a Shock To Potential Output Output Inflation AD LRAS A Y*Y* SRAS Equilibrium at A -- Y* = Y  Y*’ B SRAS’ LRAS’ Y* falls to Y*’ Y > Y* -- expansionary gap  increases--SRAS rises to SRAS’ Equilibrium at B Y = Y*’  increased to  ‘ Decline in output is permanent ’’

45. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 45 Sources of Inflation Aggregate Supply Shock Either an inflation shock or a shock to potential output Adverse aggregate supply shocks of both types reduce output and increase inflation

46. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 46 Sources of Inflation Shocks to Potential Output Aggregate supply shock  Inflation shocks oStagflation oTemporary reduction in output

47. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 47 Sources of Inflation Shocks to Potential Output Aggregate supply shock  Potential output shocks oStagflation oPermanent reduction in output

48. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 48 Sources of Inflation Economic Naturalist Why was the United States able to experience rapid growth and low inflation in the latter part of the 1990s?

49. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 49 U.S. Macroeconomic Data, Annual Averages, 1985-2000 % Growth inUnemploymentInflationProductivity Yearsreal GDPrate (%)rate (%)growth (%) 1985-19952.86.33.51.4 1995-20004.04.62.42.5

50. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 50 Economic Naturalist Output Inflation AD Equilibrium at B -- Y*’ = Y Y*’ B SRAS’ LRAS’ ’’ LRAS A Y*Y* SRAS  Productivity increases Y*’ shifts to Y* Recessionary gap -- Y*’ < Y*  falls to  Equilibrium at A Lower inflation; higher output

51. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 51 AD LRAS A Y*Y* SRAS 10% Eq. At A (Y = Y*)  = 10% Short-Run Effects of an Anti-inflationary Monetary Policy Output Inflation Y B AD’ Fed shifts AD to AD’ Short run eq. At B Y < Y* -- recessionary gap Long run correction occurs

52. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 52 Long-Run Effects of an Anti-inflationary Monetary Policy Output Y*Y* Inflation LRAS C Y SRAS B AD’ 10% Short-run eq. at B Recessionary gap -- Y < Y* SRAS’ 3%  falls to 3% and Y rises to Y* Long-run eq. -- lower prices @ Y*

53. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 53 U.S. Macroeconomic Data, 1978-1985 NominalReal % Growth inUnemploymentInflationinterestinterest Yearsreal GDPrate (%)rate (%)rate (%)rate (%) 19785.56.17.68.30.7 19793.25.811.49.7-1.7 1980-0.27.113.511.6-1.9 19812.57.610.314.44.1 1982-2.09.76.212.96.7 19834.39.63.210.57.3 19847.37.54.311.97.6 19853.87.23.69.66.0

54. MBMC Copyright c 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15: Inflation and Aggregate Supply Slide 54 Sources of Inflation Economic Naturalist Can inflation be too low?

55. MBMC End of Chapter End of Chapter