1. Animal Body Plans
Chapter 32

2. Criteria for Evolutionary Development & Classification
Cellular organization
Symmetry
Coelom
Digestive system
Segmentation
Cephalization

3. Kingdom Animalia Symmetry Unorganized Radial Bilateral
Cellular organization
Tissues, organs, systems

4. Kingdom Animalia coelom Coelom Body cavity or not Digestive system
digestive tube
Coelom
Body cavity or not
Digestive system
None, 1 or 2 openings, how

5. Kingdom Animalia Segmentation Repetition of body parts Cephalization
Development of a “head end”

6. Geologic Time Scale end of dinosaurs 1st dinosaur 1st reptiles
Millions of Years
end of dinosaurs
1st dinosaur
1st reptiles
1st amphibians
1st land plants
1st fish
1st invertebrates

7. Ediacaran Fauna: distinctive group of fossils dating from and existing only during Precambrian time
The fauna arose about 600 mya.
Named for Australia's Ediacara hills, where it was first discovered. Such fossils were later found to be widespread.
These animals lived in shallow seas and had soft bodies that bear little resemblance to later life forms, and were about 1 m in length.
May be an evolutionary dead end

8. Reconstruction of the sea floor during the Vendian times when the Ediacaran organisms thrived

9. Ediacaran Fauna (600-540 MYBP) end of Precambrian era

10. Edicarian Fauna

11. Ancient Seas at the During the Cambrian Radiation (540 MYBP)
Burgess Shale

12. Ancient Seas at the During the Cambrian Radiation (540 MYBP)
Drawings based on fossils collected from Burgess Shale in British Columbia, Canada

13. Burgess Shale Fauna (540 MYBP)
Feeding tentacles
Hallucigena
spines
Similar to a sea urchin
An explosion of body plans

14. Burgess Shale Fauna (540 MYBP)
Pikaia- earliest known chordate

15. Burgess Shale Fauna (540-530 MYBP
Anomalocaris
Burgess Shale Fauna ( MYBP
Opabinia
Wiwaxia

16. Living Invertebrates

17. Phylogentic Relationships of Animals
Platyhelminthes
Porifera
Mollusca
Chordata
Arthropoda
Annelida
Cnideria
Nematoda
Echinodermata
pseudocoelom
segmentation
acoelom
Protostome: schizocoelem
Deuterostomes:
eucoelom
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
no true tissues
true tissue
Ancestral Protist

18. Early Embryonic Development of an Animal

19. Major Stages of Animal Development
gametogenesis
fertilization
cleavage
blastula
gastrulation
differentiation and morphogenesis

20. Hypothetical Scheme for the Origin of Multicellularity in Animals

21. Protostome vs Deuterostome
Fig. 32-9a
Protostome vs Deuterostome
Cleavage
Protostome development
(examples: molluscs,
annelids)
Deuterostome development
(examples: echinoderms,
chordates)
Eight-cell stage
Eight-cell stage
Spiral and determinate
Radial and indeterminate

22. Protostome vs Deuterostome
Fig. 32-9b
Protostome vs Deuterostome
Coelom formation
Protostome development
(examples: molluscs,
annelids)
Deuterostome development
(examples: echinoderms,
chordates)
Coelom
Key
Ectoderm
Archenteron
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Coelom
Mesoderm
Blastopore
Blastopore
Mesoderm
Solid masses of mesoderm
split and form coelom.
Folds of archenteron
form coelom.

23. Protostome vs Deuterostome
Fig. 32-9c
Protostome vs Deuterostome
Fate of Blastopore
Protostome development
(examples: molluscs,
annelids)
Deuterostome development
(examples: echinoderms,
chordates)
(c) Fate of the blastopore
Anus
Mouth
Key
Ectoderm
Digestive tube
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Mouth
Anus
Mouth develops from blastopore.
Anus develops from blastopore.

24. What is a Phylum?

25. Some Examples of Animal Phyla
Phylum Cnidaria
sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, man-of-wars & hydroids
Phylum Mollusca
snails, slugs, chitons, clams, oysters, octopods & squids
Phylum Arthropoda
spiders, scorpions, crabs, shrimp, insects & centipedes
Phylum Echinodermata
sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers & sea lilies
Phylum Chordata
sea squirts, fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds & mammals

26. Phylum Chordata

27. Major Body Plan Characteristics of Animals
Symmetry
Primary Germ Layers
Gut Organization
Body Cavity
Segmentation
Skeletal Systems
Circulatory Systems
Appendages
Coloniality

28. Symmetry
Asymmetry
Radial Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry
                                                     

29. Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry
Radial Symmetry

30. Jellyfish Phylum Cnidaria
Radial Symmetry
Jellyfish Phylum Cnidaria

31. Pentamerous Radial Symmetry
Sea Stars Phylum Echinodermata

32. Bilateral Symmetry
Slug Phylum Mollusca

33. Bilateral Symmetry
Squid Phylum Mollusca

34. Primary Germ Layers
None
Diploblastic
Triploblast

35. Fates of the Primary Germ Layers
Ectoderm
hair, nails, epidermis, brain, nerves
Mesoderm
notochord (in chordates), dermis, blood vessels, heart, bones, cartilage, muscle
Endoderm
internal lining of the gut and respiratory pathways, liver, pancreas

36. The Formation of Primary Germ Layers

37. The Formation of Primary Germ Layers

38. Diploblastic
gut
Endoderm
Ectoderm

39. Diploblastic- two germ layers
Phylum Cnidaria

40. Triploblastic
gut
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm

41. Body Cavities
Acoelomate
Eucoelomate
Pseudocoelomate

42. Acoelomate Body covering (from ectoderm) Tissue- filled region (from
mesoderm)
Wall of digestive cavity
(from endoderm)
(c) Acoelomate

43. Pseudocoelomate Body covering (from ectoderm) Pseudocoelom
Muscle layer
(from
mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)

44. Eucoelomate Coelom Body covering (from ectoderm) Tissue layer
lining coelom
and suspending
internal organs
(from mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)

45. Advantages of a Fluid-Filled Body Cavity
hydrostatic skeleton
greater freedom for internal organs
greater body size because of body fluid circulation

46. Gut Organization
No Gut
Blind Sac Gut
Complete Gut

47. Sponges Phylum Porifera
No Gut
Sponges Phylum Porifera

48. Sponges Phylum Porifera
No Gut
Sponges Phylum Porifera

49. Blind Sac Gut
Phylum Cnidaria

50. Complete Gut

51. Segmentation

52. Centipede Phylum Arthropoda
Segmentation
Centipede Phylum Arthropoda

53. Lobster Phylum Arthropoda
Segmentation
Lobster Phylum Arthropoda

54. Skeleton

55. Functions of the Skeleton
supports basic body form
protection of soft internal tissues and organs
facilitates locomotion

56. Skeleton Hydrostatic Skeletons Hard Skeletons Exoskeletons
Endoskeletons

57. Sea Anemone Phylum Cnidaria
Hydrostatic Skeleton
Sea Anemone Phylum Cnidaria

58. Hydrostatic Skeleton:
A non compressible fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment.
Uses antagonistic muscles for movement.
The gastrovascular cavity of the jellyfish acts as hydrostatic skeleton against which contractile cells can work.

59. Earthworm Phylum Annelida
Hydrostatic Skeleton
Earthworm Phylum Annelida

60. Chiton Phylum Mollusca
Exoskeleton
Chiton Phylum Mollusca

61. Stony Coral Phylum Cnidaria
Exoskeleton
Stony Coral Phylum Cnidaria

62. Endoskeletons
Vertebrates
Phylum Chordata

63. Types of Appendages

64. Functions of Appendages
locomotion
feeding
sensory
protection

65. Sea Anemone Phylum Cnidaria
Tentacles
Sea Anemone Phylum Cnidaria

66. Jointed Appendages
Bee Appendages
Phylum Arthropoda

67. Circulatory Systems

68. Functions of Circulatory Systems
transport of nutrients and metabolic wastes
maintains water and solute balance
defense against pathogens

69. Circulatory System None (simple diffusion) Body Cavity Circulation
Closed Circulatory System
Open Circulatory System

70. Comb Jelly Phylum Ctenophora
No Circulatory System
Comb Jelly Phylum Ctenophora

71. Circulation in a Moon Jellyfish
Phylum Cnidaria

72. Closed Versus Open Circulatory Systems

73. Nervous Systems

74. Functions of Nervous systems
integration of animal behavior
processing and interpretation of sensory information
elicits external and internal responses

75. Types of Nervous Systems

76. Coloniality

77. Coloniality
Coral Phylum Cnidaria

78. Sea Fan Phylum Cnidaria
Coloniality
Sea Fan Phylum Cnidaria

79. Man-of-War Phylum Cnidaria
Coloniality
Man-of-War Phylum Cnidaria

80. Polymorphism in the Portuguese Man- of-War