1. 1 Crime and Violence: Forces for Good or Evil? Lecture Eight Gendering Violence: Sexual and Domestic Violence

2. 2 what violence by who to whom? who has the power to construct domestic discourses

3. 3 Naturalising violence Domestic violence – partners, children, elderly relatives? Every week two women are killed by their current or former partners (Homicide Statistics, 1998) One woman in four experiences domestic violence at some stage in her life (British Crime Survey, 1998) Women aged 16-29 are at greatest risk of experiencing domestic violence (British Medical Association Review, 1998) Domestic violence often starts and/or escalates during pregnancy (British Medical Association Review, 1998)

4. 4 Revising the quotes Every week two men kill a current or former partner Men cause one in four women to experience domestic violence at some stage in their life Men are more violent towards women aged 16-29 Men often beat pregnant women Jones, H. (1999/2000) ‘Kind Words and Compromises’ Trouble and Strife, No40.Kind Words and Compromises

5. 5 MacKinnon (1987:105) argues that women understand their own position by measuring themselves “…against every rape case she ever heard about…”. Likewise, women experiencing domestic violence, are often socialised into dependency. Stanko (1990) Temkin (2000)

6. 6 Civilising Process Norbert Elias (1897-1990) “civilising force” of marriage (Murray, 1990:23) In theory, assault is a crime wherever it happens and whoever does it. There should be no difference whether it is committed in the home or outside, by a husband or by a stranger. In practice, it has made a great deal of difference. (Hague and Malos, 1993:65)

7. 7 Legitimating Inequality and Violence Pat Mahoney has asked: What then is the material base of patriarchy – how do men control women? They do so through their control of women’s access to production and by their control over biological reproduction, but this is not sufficient. A crucial third element which has been omitted from the Marxist account is male control of women’s sexuality through a particular form of heterosexuality. (Mahoney, 1985:70)

8. 8 Laws Single Women with: No Children Children Called spinster or lesbian Single mothers are seen as irresponsible or reckless, a drain on society, a welfare scrounger Both meant as derogatory terms Depriving the child of a male role model Must be unnatural not to want a child

9. 9 Married/Co-habiting Woman with: No Children Children Called barren, frigidIf poor – irresponsible, welfare scrounger Not a ‘whole’ womanIf working and children are in daycare – May be patronised or pitied seen as depriving the child of the maternal bond.

10. 10 Labour market activity Employment typemalefemale Solicitors 71%29% Barristers 78%22% Judiciary (as a whole)90%10% Senior management83%17% Local government36%64% (admin & clerical) Factory12%88% (production line)

11. 11 Economic power Symbolic power Physical power All of these are inter-connected and operate on Structural level Institutional level Relational level

12. 12 Economic Symbolic Physical Structural feminisation of poverty Familial ideology and Gender identities Domestic/inter-relational violence Public - Private

13. 13 At a structural level, economic position is the most significant indicator of gender inequality. At an institutional level, the symbolic power of patriarchy continues to define women and limit their social roles. But where social groups cannot be controlled by economic or symbolic force, physical force may be introduced

14. 14 Amina Mama (1996) Southall Black Sisters (1989) Schechter (1982) - abusive behaviour is socially approved and normalised