1. Nernst Equation E(eq)=E(o)+(RT/nf)ln[Red/Ox] Thermodynamic Equilibrium i=0 FastSlow Butler-Volmer/Tafel Equations Current Flow i Static Potential (Faradaic) Fast Nernst + Diffusion Slow Butler-Volmer/Tafel Faradaic Non-faradaic CAPACITIVE Dynamic Potential Controlled Potential

4. Double Step Chronoamperometry

5. W(CO) 4 bpy bpy=2,2’bipyridine Bpy  * t 2g eg(*)eg(*) d-orbitals on tungsten

6. Think like an inorganic chemist! Bpy  * t 2g eg(*)eg(*) e–e– Bpy  * t 2g e g (  *)

7. Current-Potential-Time Space Reversible System Potential Time Current