1. Using Maps

2. A simple map: Hashtable To create a Hashtable, use: import java.util.*; Hashtable table = new Hashtable(); To put things into a Hashtable, use: table.put (key, value ); To retrieve a value from a Hashtable, use: value = table.get( key );

3. Example use of a Hashtable import java.util.*; public class HashtableUser { public static void main(String[] args) { Hashtable table = new Hashtable(); table.put("one", "un"); table.put("two", "deux"); table.put("three", "trois"); System.out.println("two -> " + table.get("two")); System.out.println("deux -> " + table.get("deux")); } } two -> deux deux -> null

4. Hashtable constructors Hashtable() –Constructs a new, empty Hashtable with a default capacity ( 11 ) and default load factor ( 0.75 ). Hashtable(int initialCapacity) –Constructs a new, empty Hashtable with the specified initial capacity and the default load factor ( 0.75 ). Hashtable(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) –Constructs a new, empty Hashtable with the specified initial capacity and the specified load factor. Hashtable(Map t) –Constructs a new Hashtable with the same mappings as the given Map.

5. Which constructor should you use? This is basically a question of efficiency –A hash table that is mostly empty wastes space –If a hash table is nearly full, some searches may take a very long time The initial capacity of a hash table is the number of entries that it can hold initially The load factor is a measure of how full it is –A load factor of 75% is usually a good compromise –If the table gets fuller than the load factor, Java creates a new, larger hash table and rehashes everything –Rehashing is an expensive operation

6. Hashtable constructors (again) Hashtable() –Use if the default values are good enough Hashtable(int initialCapacity) –Use if you have some idea how many entries to expect –Try to ensure it won’t be more than 75% full –If space is not an issue, double or triple the size Hashtable(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) –Use if you are trying to be super efficient –Requires careful experimentation and tuning Hashtable(Map t) –Use to make a Hashtable from some other map –Initial capacity = 2*(size of t), load factor = 0.75

7. The Collections framework Hashtable is an old (pre-Collections) class Hashtable has been retrofitted to implement the Map interface Collection SortedSet ListSet SortedMap Map Hashtable

8. The Map interface I Basic operations: –Object put(Object key, Object value) Returns the previous value associated with key, or null if there was no previous value –Object get(Object key) Returns null if the key was not found A return value of null may not mean the key was not found (some implementations of Map allow null keys and values) Tests: –boolean containsKey(Object key) –boolean containsValue(Object value) Warning: probably requires linear time! –boolean isEmpty() –boolean equals(Object o) Returns true if o is also a map and has the same mappings

9. The Map interface II Optional operations: –Object put(Object key, Object value) (So you could implement an immutable map) –void putAll(Map t) Adds the mappings from t to this map –void clear() –Object remove(Object key) Returns the value that was associated with the key, or null Other: –int size() Returns the number of key-value mappings –int hashCode() Returns a hash code value for this map

10. Optional operations Question: How can a method declared in an interface be optional? Answer: you have to implement it, but the implementation may be something like this: public void remove(Object key) throws UnsupportedOperationException { throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); } In fact, HashMap extends AbstractMap, which provides many of the map operations, and implements the optional operations like this

11. Map views Set keySet() –Returns a set view of the keys contained in this map. Collection values() –Returns a collection view of the values contained in this map –Can’t be a set—keys must be unique, but values may be repeated A view is dynamic access into the Map –If you change the Map, the view changes –If you change the view, the Map changes The Map interface does not provide any Iterators –However, there are iterators for the above Sets and Collections

12. Constructors Map is an interface, so it cannot require any constructors However, Java always supplies: –A no-argument constructor for each Map type –A constructor that takes a Map argument, and copies its key-value pairs into the new Map If you ever implement your own Map class, you should define these constructors –Defining your own Map class is easy: class MyMap implements Map {... } –There are, however, a lot of methods to implement

13. Hazards I In order for a Hashtable to work correctly, –equals must be defined properly on the keys –hashCode must be defined properly on the keys This is not a problem if you use Strings for the keys (this is extremely common) If you use objects of some other class as your keys, you must make sure equals and hashCode are properly defined Note: equals and hashCode are properly defined for all of Java’s Map s; it’s the keys that you need to be careful with

14. Hazards II You should use immutable objects (like Strings) as keys If you put a value into a hash table with a mutable key, and you change the key, what happens? –Answer: Nothing good! Special case #1: A map may not contain itself as a key Special case #2: A map may contain itself as a value, but equals and hashCode are no longer well-defined These special cases are really weird and you will probably never get anywhere near them

15. From Hashtable s to HashMap s Hashtable has been around a long time, but HashMap is new with Java 1.2 So why am I teaching you the old stuff? –Actually, except for the constructors, I’ve been talking about the Map interface, which both Hashtable and HashMap implement –Both are cloneable (more on this later) and serializable Differences: –Hashtable is synchronized; HashMap is not –HashMap permits null values and (one) null key; Hashtable does not

16. synchronized Java supports multiple Threads –A Thread is an execution sequence –Having multiple Threads means that Java appears to be doing many different things all at the same time –Threads can interfere with each other unless they are carefully synchronized (prevented from both using the same data at the same time) –This can be an issue with GUIs, which run in a different Thread from the rest of the program –If you use a hash table from an event handler, use a Hashtable (which is synchronized) instead of a HashMap (which is not) I hope to have time to give a decent lecture on Threads and synchronization

17. Copying objects In Java, you seldom copy objects, you just copy references to objects Person jack = john; jack.name = "Jack"; jack Person mary = new Person("Mary", 21); Person john = new Person("John", 23, mary); mary.setSpouse(john); "John" 23 john "John" 21 "Mary" Suppose, however, that you really do want to make a copy; how do you do it? Answer: you clone the object "Jack"

18. The Cloneable interface Cloneable, like Serializable, is a marker interface: it doesn't require any methods It does, however, allow you to use the clone method class Person implements Cloneable {... }... Person jack = john.clone(); clone() makes a shallow copy If you want a deep copy, you have to write a lot more code Avoid making copies if possible; it’s not easy and it’s expensive "John" 23 john "John" 21 "Mary" jack "John" 23

19. The SortedMap interface A hash table keeps elements in an (apparently) random order Sometimes you want the keys of a map to be in sorted order (e.g. phone book, dictionary) A map can be implemented with a hash table, but it doesn’t have to be The SortedMap interface implements the Map interface and provides additional methods For efficiency, you want an implementation that keeps its elements in some kind of order

20. Requirements for SortedMap A SortedMap keeps its elements in the order of increasing key values Therefore, it must be possible to sort the keys! This means: –The keys must be objects of a type that implement the Comparable interface (or be given a Comparator ) –Keys must be mutually comparable (e.g. you can’t compare a String to a Button ) –The ordering must be consistent with equals All implementations of SortedMap should supply four constructors –We’ll see an example of these shortly

21. SortedMap Methods I Comparator comparator() –Returns the comparator associated with this sorted map, or null if it uses its keys' natural ordering. Object firstKey() –Returns the first (lowest) key currently in this sorted map. Object lastKey() –Returns the last (highest) key currently in this sorted map.

22. SortedMap Methods II SortedMap headMap(Object toKey) –Returns a view of the portion of this sorted map whose keys are strictly less than toKey. SortedMap subMap(Object fromKey, Object toKey) –Returns a view of the portion of this sorted map whose keys range from fromKey, inclusive, to toKey, exclusive. SortedMap tailMap(Object fromKey) –Returns a view of the portion of this sorted map whose keys are greater than or equal to fromKey.

23. The TreeMap class TreeMap implements SortedMap TreeMap is the only implementation that Java provides for SortedMap Question: Since there’s only one implementation, why bother to have a separate interface? Answer: To give you the flexibility to define additional kinds of sorted map, if you wish to –You probably won’t—but the flexibility is there

24. TreeMap constructors TreeMap() –Constructs a new, empty map, sorted according to the keys' natural order. TreeMap(Comparator c) –Constructs a new, empty map, sorted according to the given comparator. TreeMap(Map m) –Constructs a new map containing the same mappings as the given map, sorted according to the keys' natural order. TreeMap(SortedMap m) –Constructs a new map containing the same mappings as the given SortedMap, sorted according to the same ordering.

25. Quick summary Interfaces (cannot instantiate): –Map –SortedMap –Serializable –Cloneable Classes (can instantiate): –Hashtable –HashMap –TreeMap As always, it’s best to avoid exposing the implementation; hence: –Map myMap = new HashMap(); But probably not: –Map myMap = new TreeMap();

26. Sets We’ve talked about Sets before, and you probably remember the basic operations: –int size( ); boolean isEmpty( ); boolean contains(Object e); boolean add(Object e); boolean remove(Object e); Iterator iterator( ); However, Set is an interface, not a class There are two supplied implementations: HashSet (for when you don’t care about the order of elements) and TreeSet (for when you do)

27. The End