1. CS244-Introduction to Embedded Systems and Ubiquitous Computing Instructor: Eli Bozorgzadeh Computer Science Department UC Irvine Winter 2010

2. Winter 2010- CS 244 2 CS244 – Lecture 2 Embedded Applications

3. Winter 2010- CS 244 3 Overview Hybrid embedded systems  Aerospace, automobiles, robotics, process control, and sensor nets Multimedia Consumer electronics  Appliances, office electronics, and home/office automation Network components  Bridges, routers, switches, and hubs Medical instruments  Patient monitoring, MRI, and artificial hearts E-Business  ATM, wending machines Distributed & grid computing 3 OVERLAPPING

4. Winter 2010- CS 244 4 Hybrid Embedded Systems Computation systems whose behavior is tightly integrated with the physical world  Eg., the behavior of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can be modeled by a combination of differential equations (the aerodynamics and low level feedback controllers) and a finite state automata (high level flight path decisions, such as to ascend or descend). Behavior is governed by both continuous-state dynamics from the physical world and discrete-state dynamics from the computation Passage of time during computation affects the state of the physical world Inherently concurrent (inherent vs. built-in concurrency?) 4

5. Winter 2010- CS 244 5 Aerospace Flight control  Stability: real-time differential feedback loops Positioning & navigation  GPS, INS Instrumentation  Data acquisition, display, processing, and archive Radar Communication 5

6. Winter 2010- CS 244 6 Automobiles Engine management  Fuel, ignition, timing Emission control Instrumentation  Data acquisition, display, processing, and archive Safety & stability  Airbags, active control Entertainment & comfort  Radio, A/C, … 6

7. Winter 2010- CS 244 7 Robotics Implies autonomous operation N physical degree of freedom Artificial intelligence Control heavy Mission oriented  Repair, search, rescue, investigate, and perform physically difficult tasks 7

8. Winter 2010- CS 244 8 Process Control Industrial automation Plant monitoring and production control Similar to control systems but with emphasis on management 8

9. Winter 2010- CS 244 9 Sensor Nets Many sensor nodes each capable (but limited) of sensing, computation/storag e, and communication  Structure safety  Search and rescue  Military use Self organization Energy Efficient Distributed 9

10. Winter 2010- CS 244 10 Multimedia An exercise in  Signals, analog to digital conversion, quantization, sampling, processing, and digital to analogue conversion  Information theory, entropy, Huffman codes, compression, lossless compression  Images, audio, video Virtual Reality Presentation Quality of service Think lots of data (formats and standards too)! 10

11. Winter 2010- CS 244 11 Consumer Electronics Home appliances  Yesterday’s appliances: add computation  Tomorrow’s appliances: add networking (Internet) Office electronics  Integration  Electronic paper (filing, printing, sending, and receiving) Home/office automation  Common fantasy about the automated home or office of the future with lights and appliances that operate by themselves or with minimal effort 11

12. Winter 2010- CS 244 12 Network Components Stitching LANs  Bridge Connects two parts of the same network  Router Link networks using different network identities Extending ports  Switch Transmit to recipient only  Hub Transmit to all Handle large volume of highly structured data with little transform 12

13. Winter 2010- CS 244 13 Medical Instruments Perform diagnosis (screening/evaluation)  Data collection  Appraisal of that data  Developing a plan of action Observation or monitoring Sensing and instrumentation  Accuracy and precision Other applications:  Radiation therapy  Artificial hearts, arms, legs, … 13

14. Winter 2010- CS 244 14 E-Business Information processing systems  ATM  Cache registers  Scanners  Credit-card readers Often the interface behind a database Automation and convenience 14

15. Winter 2010- CS 244 15 Distributed & Grid Computing Coordinated resource sharing and problem solving The grid is static, reliable, and has infinite resource (for practical purposes) Users (the mobile device e.g., PDA) has limited resources Middleware mitigates the resource sharing and coordination efforts 15

16. Winter 2010- CS 244 16 Summary of Application Domains Looked at a number of application domains Large amount of overlap between these domains Often each domain has associated standards, design methodologies, and certification programs The future appears to suggest a fusion of design differences into a single methodology 16

17. Winter 2010- CS 244 17 Real-Time Systems A systems where correctness depends on logical results and the time the results are produced  Safety-critical: incorrect operation leads to human loss  Mission-critical: incorrect operation leads to failed mission J.A. Stankovic et al. “Strategic Directions in Real-Time and Embedded Systems” 17