1. Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do" 1 A New Ensemble of Global Navigation Systems- Competition or Cooperation? Will Users Realize the full Benefit? Professor Bradford Parkinson Stanford University (GPS Chief Architect and original Program Director) 6/15/2015

2. Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do" GPS/GNSS - a Critical Component of the Global Information Infrastructure 2 Satellite Operations Satellite Operations Power Grids Personal Navigation Personal Navigation Communications Aviation Fishing & Boating Fishing & Boating Oil Exploration Trucking & Shipping Surveying & Mapping Precision Agriculture Disease Control 6/15/20152

3. Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do" GPS Program Status 32 Operational Satellites on orbit as of Feb 15 –GPS IIR(M): 4 Successful launches since Oct 07 2nd civil signal (L2C) and M-Code (L1M & L2M) 3 rd civil signal (L5) turned on 10 April, 2009 –GPS IIF: Completed all functional/performance tests 3rd civil signal (L5) and Anti-jam flex power –GPS IIIA: Awarded to Lockheed Martin Space Systems, May 08 4th civil signal (L1C) and removal of Selective Availability capability With OCX, improved accuracy Operational Control Segment (OCS) upgraded, Sep 07 –Alternate Master Control Station fully functional Next Generation Operational Control Segment (OCX) –Needed for GPS III satellites & full functionality of modernized signals –Awarded Phase A contracts to Northrop and Raytheon, Nov 07 6/15/20153 GPS Modernization: System-wide improvements in accuracy, availability, integrity, reliability and robustness against interference

4. Keys to the Global Success of GPS Program Stability and Performance Policy Stability and Transparency Private Sector Entrepreneurship and Investment 4 6/15/20154Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

5. 5 What’s Next? 6/15/2015Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

6. 6/15/2015Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do" 6 GLONASS – (Russia) PNT to Explode with Opportunities Galileo (European) GPS (USA) Compass (Beidou China) QZSS (Japan) The Five Design Keys (& Barriers to Entry) 1.The CDMA signal (PRN or Spread spectrum) 2.Van-Allen qualified atomic clocks 3.Orbit prediction to a few meters (URE) in 20,000 miles of travel 4.Spacecraft that lasted about ten years (cost of ownership) 5.User Equipment that could (eventually) be miniaturized (<$)

7. 7 International Augmentations Differential GPS Networks International GNSS Service Global Differential GPS System Space-Based Augmentation Systems 6/15/2015Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

8. New Signals are On the Way 6/15/20158Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

9. 9 Summary - Spectrum of Modernized GPS Signals L5 ARNS/RNSS Band L1 ARNS/RNSS Band L2 RNSS Band P(Y) C/A L2C M L5 L1C Earlier GPS Dual Frequency w/ Semi-codeless P(Y) Block IIR-M Launch 2005 Dual Frequency L1 C/A & L2C Block IIF/IIR-M+ Launch 2008 Three Frequency L1 C/A, L2C, & L5 Block III Launch 2013 L1C, L2C, L5, & L1 C/A Code L5 New! 6/15/2015Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

10. 10 GPS L2 GPS L1 1164MHz Galileo E1 L1 E2 Galileo E6 Galileo E5A Galileo E5B GPS L5 GLONASS G2 GLONASS G1 1188MHz 1214MHz 1217MHz 1239MHz 1260MHz 1261MHz 1300MHz1559MHz1563MHz1587MHz 1591MHz 1593MHz 1610MHz RNSS Band Upper L-Band RNSS Band 1151MHz 1237MHz ARNS Band RNSS Band GLONASS G3 ? Compass B6 B1 Compass B5B B2 Coming: a Plethora of Signals 6/15/2015Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

11. Latest Signal Verified – L5 Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do" 11 L5 spectrum captured by Stanford 45.7m dish antenna. Antenna gain as high as 52 dB, L5 signal high above the noise floor in frequency. Clear L5 spectrum - both main lobe and two side lobes 6/15/2015

12. Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do" 12 Levels of Cooperation - New Systems: Can’t we just get along? Degrees of “Getting Along” – Compatible Lets not hurt each other – Interoperable I’ll try yours, you can try mine – Interchangeable Any four will do 6/15/2015

13. Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do" 13 GPS and Galileo/Compass/GLONASS- The Users Viewpoint Real Measure: Interchangeability “Mix and Match” with the same ranging accuracy –Enabled by L1C - defined, implemented, and operable – including all details –Seamless WAAS/EGNOS/+ ? –True clock Synchronization (Common Clock) and common grid Payoff – Availability, Accuracy and Robustness for Worldwide Users 6/15/2015

14. Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do" 14 Achieving Interchangeability Simplest: Common Clock and Geodetic System – Probably Implies a common Control System – Nationalistic Resistance A New Proposal – Cross-Augmentation Reference System (CARS) –Each Satellite Broadcasts WAAS like Corrections to allow it to be seamlessly operated as a part of the “other” constellation 6/15/2015

15. Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do" 15 GPS/Galileo CARS Example– Cross Augmentation Reference System GPS Monitor Stations track Galileo satellites (L1C) –Form WAAS-like Corrections for GPS satellites to operate as Galileo Ranging sources (Clock and Position – Include integrity? ) –Include corrections as part of the GPS message –Result: GPS satellite is seamlessly useable as a part of the Galileo Constellation ANY Four Satellites will do: A step beyond Interoperable- CARS is truly “interchangeable” 6/15/2015

16. Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do" 16 CARS : GPS/Galileo Example First Step: Monitor the “other” constellation signals GPS Control Segment GPS Galileo GPS Reference Receivers Monitor all L1C signals GPS Master Control Calculates a WAAS/EGNOS correction for each GPS satellite –for operation in the Galileo Constellation 6/15/2015

17. Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do" 17 GPS Control Segment GPS Galileo CARS : GPS/Galileo Example Second Step: Send Augmentation Corrections to Each “own” satellite to allow it to be “seen” (used) as a member of the other constellation Thus, any GPS satellite can operate as full member of the other constellation Note: Corrections are slowly changing (low data rate) Each GPS satellite only broadcasts its own correction to the Galileo reference Each constellation controls this use 6/15/2015

18. Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do" 18 And Galileo would do the same for GPS (etc. for other GNSS Systems) Advantages: – Satellites are truly Interchangeable – Avoids issue of which time or which Geodetic System – Very Low Rate message, low overhead –Very efficient – corrections broadcast only for the satellite being used – Each Satellite Provider has some control over use of their system – User can have highly accurate PNT in coordinates of their choosing 6/15/2015

19. Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do" 19 Implementation of CARS Bi-Lateral Agreements Technical Working Group to adapt WAAS or EGNOS-like format for message –Include Integrity? –Ionospheric correction probably not necessary 6/15/2015

20. Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do" 20 Conclusion We are entering an era with incredible opportunities in Worldwide PNT With a concerted effort of cooperation, all users should receive benefits: economic, safety and convenience The ultimate goal is interchangeability – CARS would enable this 6/15/2015

21. Thank you – Questions? 6/15/2015Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do" 21

22. 22 U.S. Policy Promotes Global Use of GPS/GNSS Technology No direct user fees for civil GPS services –Provided on a continuous, worldwide basis Open, public signal structures for all civil services –Promotes equal access for user equipment manufacturing, applications development, and value-added services Encourages open, market-driven competition Protection of radionavigation spectrum from disruption and interference Service improvements for civil, commercial, and scientific users worldwide Global compatibility and interoperability with GPS 6/15/201522Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

23. U.S. Objectives in Working with Other GNSS Service Providers Ensure compatibility ― ability of U.S. and non-U.S. space- based PNT services to be used separately or together without interfering with each individual service or signal –Radio frequency compatibility –Spectral separation between M-code and other signals Achieve interoperability ― ability of civil U.S. and non-U.S. space-based PNT services to be used together to provide the user better capabilities than would be achieved by relying solely on one service or signal –Primary focus on the common L1C and L5 signals Ensure a level playing field in the global marketplace 23 U.S. pursuing through both Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation 6/15/201523Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

24. 24 Goal of Civil Interoperability Ideal interoperability provides users a PNT solution using signals from different GNSS systems –No additional receiver cost or complexity –No degradation in performance Interoperable = Better Together Than Separate 6/15/201524Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

25. Private Sector Competition Competition in GNSS receiver/application markets leads to greater innovation, lower costs Fair competition means no preferential treatment for any particular companies –Equal (if not open) access to markets and information Freedom of choice desired for end users –Standards and other governmental measures should not effectively mandate use of one GNSS over another U.S. agreements with other GNSS providers include language on fair trade and open markets –Working Group “B” established under GPS-Galileo Agreement to discuss non-discriminatory approaches to trade in civil applications markets 256/15/2015Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

26. 26 International Public Sector Cooperation Bilateral to include –Europe –Russia –Japan –India –Others Multilateral –International Committee on GNSS –Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation –ICAO, IMO, and ITU 6/15/201526Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

27. 27 U.S. - Europe Cooperation 2004 U.S.-EU agreement provides foundation for cooperation Four working groups were set up under the agreement: –Technical, trade and security issues working groups have met Improved new civil signal (MBOC) adopted in July 2007 First Plenary Meeting successfully held in October 2008 Oct. 22, 2008, EU-U.S. Plenary delegations meeting under the auspices of the GPS-Galileo Cooperation Agreement Signing ceremony for GPS-Galileo Cooperation Joint Statement, Oct. 23, 2008 (Michel Bosco, European Commission; Kenneth Hodgkins, U.S. Dept of State) 6/15/201527Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

28. 28 U.S. - Russian Federation Cooperation U.S.-Japan Joint statement on GPS cooperation in 1998 –Japan’s Quasi Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) designed to be fully compatible and highly interoperable with GPS –U.S. working with Japan to set up QZSS monitoring stations in Hawaii and Guam in exchange for data access U.S.- Russia Joint Statement issued in Dec 2004 –Negotiations for a U.S.-Russia Agreement on satellite navigation cooperation underway since late 2005 held: –Considering adopting two new civil CDMA signals at L1, L5 to be interoperable with GPS U.S.-India Joint Statement on GNSS Cooperation in Feb 2007 –Important topic is ionospheric distortion/solutions to this phenomena –Technical Meeting focused on GPS-IRNSS compatibility and interoperability held in January and July 2008 6/15/201528Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

29. 29 International Committee on GNSS Promotes GNSS use and integration into infrastructures, particularly in developing countries Encourages system compatibility, interoperability Membership: GNSS providers, international organizations and associations Providers Forum –United States, Europe, Russia, China, India, Japan –Focused discussions on compatibility, interoperability Next meeting: Sep 2009 in St. Petersburg, Russia 6/15/201529Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"

30. 30 Summary U.S. Space-based PNT Programs, Policy Implementation and Diplomatic efforts are progressing well –Continuing to improve GPS and Augmentation Systems –International cooperation is a priority for the U.S. Compatibility, Interoperability, Market-Driven Competition GNSS use continues to expand with many new applications emerging As new space-based GNSS emerge globally, public sector cooperation is the key to “success for all” 6/15/2015Presentation to Chinese Delegation - "Any Four Will Do"