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NEEDS ASSESSMENT Program Development University of Massachusetts at Boston ©2007 William Holmes
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DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO NEEDS ASSESSMENT Means—observation, secondary analysis, interviewing, surveys Models—ODPM, Appreciative, Problem Solving Process—triangulation, standardization, feedback
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ASSESSMENT RISKS FROM EMPLOYEES Employee skepticism regarding management Employee skepticism regarding action Employee unrealistic expectations
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ASSESSMENT RISKS FROM MANAGERS Managers may accept low relative benchmarks Managers may scapegoat employees Managers may use assessment as pro forma action
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ASSESSMENT BENEFITS: 1 Assessment may confirm or reject the presenting problem Efficient and Effective priorities may be identified Cooperation may develop Morale may improve
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ASSESSMENT BENEFITS: 2 Management may be pressured to respond Measured improvements may motivate managers and employees Managers and employees may better understand the organization Synergy and Serendipity may develop
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ASSESSMENT APPROACH: OBSERVATION Employee activity Employee symptoms Employee emotions Employee interaction Employee-manager interaction Work environment Role distinctions
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ASSESSMENT APPROACH: SECONDARY ANALYSIS Direct access Historical data Multiple perspectives Allows for trends May be incomplete May be biased
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ASSESSMENT APPROACH: INTERVIEWS 1 May establish trust Provide richer stories Less time intensive Assures privacy Allows clarification Allows callbacks
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ASSESSMENT APPROACH: INTERVIEWS 2 Perceived Strengths Needs for change Recommendations for change Open-ended query Ask for examples Have tell stories
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ASSESSMENT APPROACH: INTERVIEWS TIPS Practice note taking Prepare initial and follow- up questions Ask core questions of all Watches non-verbal behavior Doesn’t make judgments
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ASSESSMENT APPROACH: GROUP INTERVIEWS Have recorder Seek equal participation Encourage moving on Check understanding Let speakers use own words Stop speeches Thank participants
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ASSESSMENT APPROACH: SURVEYS Standardized Quantitative Statistical reliability and validity Handles large numbers of respondents Time consuming to develop
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ASSESSMENT APPROACH: GOOD SURVEYS Clear purposes Singular questions Probability sampling High response rate Short survey Randomize item polarity and sequence Label response options
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ASSESSMENT APPROACH: GOOD ITEMS Each item has one idea Keep items short Use unambiguous words Use simple words Use familiar words Use parallel construction Proofread and pretest
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FEEDBACK ISSUES Who gets feedback? Who provides feedback? What form feedback? What included in feedback? What expect from feedback?
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