2. TESOL1 Teaching Listening Skills 1. Stages in language growth The pupils should be led to: (1) understand the material (2) repeat the material (3) give a description of the sounds, form, grammatical function, position, and meaning of a grammatical item (omitted in lower levels) (4) practice the material (5) Choose the correct word, expression, structure (6) use the new material in every communication situation Reference: Finocchiaro, M. (1989). English as a Second/Foreign Language: From theory to practice. New Jersey, Prentice Hall Regents.

3. TESOL2 Teaching Listening Skills 2. Important elements: (1) phonology (phonetic and phonemic system) (2) structure system (3) lexicon Reference: Finocchiaro, M. (1989). English as a Second/Foreign Language: From theory to practice. New Jersey, Prentice Hall Regents.

4. TESOL3 Teaching Listening Skills 3. What is listening comprehension Definition: decoding of the stream of speech, which involves continual mental processing, concentrated attention, and memory 4. Comprehension of utterances requires: (1) perception of the sounds (2) recognition and identification of the segments (chunks of speech) (3) understanding the communicative expressions and syntactic structures (4) interpretation of the message Reference: Finocchiaro, M. (1989). English as a Second/Foreign Language: From theory to practice. New Jersey, Prentice Hall Regents.

5. TESOL4 Teaching Listening Skills 5. Listeners require two kinds of knowledge to identify utterances: (1) knowledge of the syntax and morphological elements (2) real-world knowledge 6. Process of storing a stream of speech into long- term memory: (1) receiving message  placing message temporarily in short-term memory (2) selecting the main ideas (3) storing main ideas in long-term memory Reference: Finocchiaro, M. (1989). English as a Second/Foreign Language: From theory to practice. New Jersey, Prentice Hall Regents.

6. TESOL5 Teaching Listening Skills 7. How can we help learners acquire the skills needed to identify, understand, and interpret oral input? (1) Teach the phonemic system (2) Teach necessary morphosyntactic rules and segmentation of subject, verb, object, phrases, and clauses (3) Repeat an utterance or a brief passage (4) Stop at the end of every utterance and ask questions to ensure comprehension Reference: Finocchiaro, M. (1989). English as a Second/Foreign Language: From theory to practice. New Jersey, Prentice Hall Regents.

7. TESOL6 Teaching Listening Skills Before listening: Explain difficult vocabulary/cultural allusions in the passage Give simple, clear, precise explanations of what to listen for through pre-listening questions. Divide a passage into manageable pieces. Discuss the pragmatic elements in the situation. Have learners make notes about what they expect to hear (based on the title). Reference: Finocchiaro, M. (1989). English as a Second/Foreign Language: From theory to practice. New Jersey, Prentice Hall Regents.

8. TESOL7 Teaching Listening Skills While listening: Give learners a list of facts and items they can check as they are listening. Give them maps on which they can chart a route being discussed. Tell them to jot down only the key words as they listen. Have them draw something simple which the passage suggests. Reference: Finocchiaro, M. (1989). English as a Second/Foreign Language: From theory to practice. New Jersey, Prentice Hall Regents.

9. TESOL8 Teaching Listening Skills After listening: Take a dictation of the passage. Fill in a cloze test. Answer multiple-choice questions. Answer open-ended questions. Write a two- or three-line summary. Tell the style of the language. Tell who the speakers are, what their attitudes are. Tell what they can infer from what A has said. Reference: Finocchiaro, M. (1989). English as a Second/Foreign Language: From theory to practice. New Jersey, Prentice Hall Regents.