1. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Chapter 6 Introducing supply decisions David Begg, Stanley Fischer and Rudiger Dornbusch, Economics, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2008 PowerPoint presentation by Alex Tackie and Damian Ward

2. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Forms of business organisation Sole trader –owned by an individual; entitled to income and responsible for losses Partnership –jointly owned by two or more people –unlimited liability Company –ownership divided among shareholders –legal entitlement to produce and trade –limited liability –shares of public companies resold on the stock exchange

3. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Some key terms Revenues –the amount a firm earns by selling goods and services in a given period Costs –the expenses incurred in producing goods and services during the period Profits –the excess of revenues over costs

4. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Some accounting terms Cash flow –the net amount of money received (by the firm) during the accounting period Physical capital –machinery, equipment and buildings used in production Depreciation –the loss in value of a capital good during the accounting period Inventories –goods held in stock by the firm for future sales

5. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 A firm’s balance sheet Assets –what the firm owns Liabilities –what the firm owes Balance sheet –lists a firm’s assets and liabilities at a point in time

6. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Snark International balance sheet 31 December 2007

7. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Costs and the economist Accounting cost –actual payments made by a firm in a period Opportunity cost –amount lost by not using a resource in its best alternative use Supernormal profit –profit over and above the return earned at the market rate of interest Economists include opportunity cost in a firm’s total costs

8. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 The production decision For any output level, the firm attempts to mimimise costs Assume the firm aims to maximise profits Profits depend on both COSTS and REVENUE –each of which varies with the level of output Marginal cost (MC) is the rise in total cost if output increases by 1 unit Marginal revenue (MR) is the rise in total revenue if output increases by 1 unit

9. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Maximising profits Output Q1Q1 E MC, MR MC MR 0 If MR > MC, an increase in output will increase profits. If MR < MC, a decrease in output will increase profits. So profits are maximised when MR = MC at Q 1 (as long as the firm covers variable costs)

10. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Will firms try to maximise profits? Large firms are not run by their owners –there is separation of ownership and control Managers may pursue different objectives –e.g. size, growth But firms not maximising profits may be vulnerable to takeover –or managers may be given share options to influence their incentive to maximise profits