1. International Environmental Problems and Policy

2. Office hours PROFESSOR ZOLTÁN GROSSMAN 258 Phillips Hall 10:00-10:50 am MWF 836-4471 E-mail: grossmzc@uwec.edugrossmzc@uwec.edu Web: www.uwec.edu/grossmzcwww.uwec.edu/grossmzc

4. Regions of the “World Village” 333 East Asians 274 South Asians 132 Africans 120 Europeans 86 Latin Americans 50 North Americans 5 from Oceania

5. Where we live 452 in town 548 in country

6. Ages 310 children 70 elderly 610 between

7. Demographics 22 children born 9 people die One-third of deaths are children under 5. Numbers of elderly increasing rapidly.

8. Human Population at 6 billion Food shortages/famines Water quality Fossil fuel burning Air and water pollution Landscape destruction Loss of biodiversity

9. Languages 500 speak one of six languages –Chinese –English –Hindi –Spanish –Russian –Arabic 500 speak one of 6,000 languages

11. Household income Average annual income $4,890 600 poor 300 marginal 100 well-off

12. Ownership/consumption 200 richest villagers own and consume 80% of goods Other villagers own and consume remaining 20%

13. Affluent lifestyles

14. Material World: A Global Family Portrait Japan Iceland Guatemala

16. Land use Average of 6 acres for each person –700 acres cropland –1400 acres pasture –1900 acres woodland –2000 acres desert, other noneconomic land

17. Land ownership The richest 270 people control: –40% of the cropland –72% of the foodgrain but feeds 27% of the people – 83% of the fertilizer

18. United States Population 45 people live in U.S. 955 live elsewhere

19. United States Consumption Oil 26% Aluminum 24% Copper 20% Nickel 19% Steel 13%

21. United States Share of World Pollution Toxic wastes 50% Nitrogen oxides 26% Carbon dioxide 26% Sulfur oxides 25% Chloroflurocarbons 22%

22. Rich/poor divisions Wealthy countries tend to be located in the Northern Hemisphere. About 1/5 of world population live in countries with per capita income > $25,000.00 (U.S.). –Poor people exist here as well. Gap between rich and poor continues to increase. –Wealthiest 200 people in the world have combined wealth of $1 trillion - more than total wealth of poorest half (3 billion) of the world’s population.

23. Environmental challenges Wealthy countries exploit natural resources in poor countries (often through corporations). Elites in poor countries often cooperate with wealthy countries and interests. Poor exploit natural resources, because socio-economic conditions (dictated by rich countries and domestic elites) create a struggle for survival. Poor in wealthy countries also face economic blackmail..

24. Philadelphia Infant Mortality Red area high than at least 28 Third World countries, including: Jamaica Cuba Costa Rica Malaysia Panama Sri Lanka South Korea Taiwan Uruguay Argentina Chile

25. Adult Literacy 310 adults can read and write 310 adults cannot read or write Girls half as likely as boys to attend school

26. Access to TV 10% without access 90% with access

27. Access to fresh water 30% of rural residents without access 7% of urban residents without access

28. Women and girls Two-thirds of manual labor One-tenth of wages One-hundredth of property Make up 70% of the poor.

29. Life expectancy Not age lived to, but affected by infant mortality rates. Richest familes: women 80, men 78 Poorest families: 48 for both

30. “North/South” Divisions Poor countries tend to be located in Southern Hemisphere. World Bank estimates more than 1.3 billion people (1/5 world population) live in acute poverty of < $1 (U.S.) per day. –70% women and children –Self-Sustaining Daily survival necessitates over-harvesting resources thus degrading chances of long-term sustainability.

32. Former world “divisions” First World - Industrialized, market-oriented democracies of Western Europe, North America. Second World - Centrally-planned socialist countries such as former USSR. Third World - Ex-colonial nations such as India, Malaysia, Iran, etc. Fourth World - Poorest nations (and indigenous communities within wealthy nations).

33. Current world system Core - Industrialized, market-oriented democracies of Western Europe, North America, East Asia, Australia. Periphery - Poor, ex-colonial nations such as Kenya, Bolivia, Pakistan, etc. Semi-periphery - Partially industrialized ex-colonial nations (South Africa, Brazil, Mexico, South Korea, etc.)

34. Indigenous peoples Indigenous (Native) people are often least powerful, most neglected people in the world. –At least half the world’s 6,000 distinct languages are dying. –Indigenous homelands may harbor vast percentage of world’s biodiversity. –Recognizing Native land rights and political rights may often be a solid ecological safeguard. –Who is “Indigenous”?

35. Human Development Index United Nations releases Human Development Index (HDI). Based on social factors - ranges from 0-1.0. – In 2000: Canada had highest with 0.96 and Sierra Leone had lowest with 0.19. Aggregate numbers hide many important inequity issues: –Gender –Race

36. Sustainable Development “Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Benefits must be available to all humans, not just sub-set of privileged group. Economists: continual growth for people Ecologists: non-renewable resources, limited waste capacity

37. Signs of hope Progress had been made on many fronts. –Population has stabilized in many industrialized countries; population growth slowing in others. –Incidence of life-threatening diseases has been reduced in some countries. –Average life expectance nearly doubled.

38. World Summit on Sustainable Development Johannesburg, South Africa, Aug.-Sept. 2002 Ten years after 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Rio + 10). International grassroots NGOs used as opportunity for networking.

41. WSSD websites Earth Summit 2002 www.earthsummit2002.org UN site www.johannesburgsummit.org Linkages www.iisd.ca/wssd/portal.html Radio Earth Summit http://www.radioearthsummit.org/ Girona Declaration http://www.xs4all.nl/~ceo/un/gironadecl.html Global Indaba www.globalindaba.org.za Independent Media Center http://southafrica.indymedia.org/

42. Ideas for class website?