1. Life Cycle Assessment 生命週期評估 福島康裕 助理教授 國立成功大學環境工程學系 Thanks to Prof. Matsuno at The University of Tokyo

2. Exercise 1 LCI of Heavy oil used in oil-firing power plant in Japan Oil well drilling Refining Transportation Oil-firing power plant ① ②③ Saudi Arabia Japan Heavy oil

3. Exercise 1 : Images of processes

4. Question 1-1 How much are the CO 2, NO x, and SO x emission induced by a production of 1 kl of petroleum? ① Oil well drilling Underground petroleum Petroleum 1 kl Internally consumed fuel gas ： 11 m 3 Flare gas ： 7.9 m 3

5. Question 1-2 How much are the CO 2, NO x, and SO x emission directly induced by transportation of 1 kl of petroleum from Saudi-Arabia to Japan? Petroleum at port: 1kl Petroleum (Japan) : 1 kl Heavy oil A ： 0.27 kg Heavy oil C ： 9.4 kg Note: We consider the indirect emission that occurs in the production of heavy oil later, so we don’t calculate it here. Note: We consider the indirect emission that occurs in the production of heavy oil later, so we don’t calculate it here. ② Transportation

6. Question 1-3 How much is the CO 2 directly emitted by production of 1kl of petroleum products at the refining process? Elec. power ： 9.0 kWh Petro gas ： 31 m 3 LPG ： 1.3 kg CO2: kg SO2: 165 g NOx: 74 g Petroleum ： 1.026 kl Naphtha ： 1.5 liter Heavy oil C ： 10 liter Coal ： 1.7 kg Gasoline ： 0.19 kl Naphtha ： 0.20 kl Kerosene ： 0.11 kl Light oil ： 0.16 kl Asphalt ： 0.02 kl Heavy oil A ： 0.13 kl Heavy oil C ： 0.16 kl LPG ： 0.03 kl ③ Refining

7. Question 1-4 How much are the CO 2, NOx, and SOx induced by usage of electric power in production of 1kl of petroleum products at the refining process? Elec. power ： 9.0 kWh Petro gas ： 31 m 3 LPG ： 1.3 kg CO2: kg SO2: 165 g NOx: 74 g Petroleum ： 1.026 kl Naphtha ： 1.5 liter Heavy oil C ： 10 liter Coal ： 1.7 kg Gasoline ： 0.19 kl Naphtha ： 0.20 kl Kerosene ： 0.11 kl Light oil ： 0.16 kl Asphalt ： 0.02 kl Heavy oil A ： 0.13 kl Heavy oil C ： 0.16 kl LPG ： 0.03 kl ③ Refining

8. Question 1-5 In order to consider indirect emission from transportation, heavy oil A and C for transportation should be subtracted from production at refinery process. After doing so, calculate direct CO2, NOx, and SOx emission (kg-gas / kl) for each of the petroleum products. Use 1) volume-based allocation, and 2) heat-value based allocation. CO2: kg SO2: kg NOx: kg LPG ： 0.03 klpetroleum ： 1.026 kl × allocation

9. Calculation sheet - comparing allocation methods Indirect (input to the process) Direct emission from the process Product (output from the process) Producti on [kl] Allocation [--] Petroleum kl / kl-prod. Elec. Pow kWh / kl-prod. CO 2 kg / kl-prod. NOx kg/ kl-prod. SO 2 kg / kl-prod. vol.heatvol.heatvol.heatvol.heatvol.heatvol.heat LPG0.03 Gasoline0.19 Naphtha0.20 Kerosene0.11 Light oil0.16 Heavy oil (A) 0.130 Heavy oil (C) 0.149 Asphalt0.02

10. Question 1-6 Calculate CO2, NOx, SOx emission induced by (associated with) each of the petroleum products, for both allocation methods. Productkg-CO 2 / klkg-NOx / klkg-SO 2 / kl vol.heatvol.heatvol.heat LPG Gasoline Naphtha Kerosene Light oil Heavy oil (A) Heavy oil (C) Asphalt

11. Data ProductHeat valueNote LPG12,000 kcal/kg1 liter = 0.865 kg Gasoline8400 kcal/liter1 liter = 0.75 kg Naphtha8000 kcal/liter1 liter = 0.70 kg Kerosene8900 kcal/liter1 liter = 0.80 kg Light oil9200 kcal/liter1 liter = 0.85 kg Heavy oil (A)9300 kcal/liter1 liter = 0.9 kg Heavy oil (C)9600 kcal/liter1 liter = 0.9 kg Asphalt9600 kcal/liter1 liter = 1.03 kg Heat values of different fuels ElectricityCO 2 SO 2 NO x 1 kWh0.45 kg0.00050 kg0.00054 kg Emission factors for electric power in Japan

12. Data 2 Direct emission factors  Fuel gas and flare gas (Oil well drilling) VolumeHeatCO2SO2NOx 1 m 3 48.24 MJ2.68 kg0.037 kg0.0094 kg  Fuel for Ships (Transportation) FuelCO2SO2NOx Heavy Oil A 2.90 kg/l 19.9 g/l77.8 g/l Heavy Oil C 3.07 kg/l 63.7 g/l77.8 g/l # both heavy oil A and C are : 1liter = 0.913 kg FuelCO2 Naphtha2.23 kg-CO 2 /l Heavy Oil C2.88 kg-CO 2 /l LPG3.01 kg-CO 2 /kg Petro gas2.04 kg-CO 2 /m 3 Coal2.41 kg-CO 2 / kg  Fuels (Refining)