1. Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

2. Today’s Big Question: why did the outwards expansion of Europe prove to be so hegemonic and so durable? Today’s Big Question: why did the outwards expansion of Europe prove to be so hegemonic and so durable? The traditional answer to the question related to questions of military power, technology, the profit motive, and religious zealThe traditional answer to the question related to questions of military power, technology, the profit motive, and religious zeal The modern answer to the question has much more to do with what was going on inside Europe;The modern answer to the question has much more to do with what was going on inside Europe; The renaissance gave way to a whole-scale reconfiguration of political, economic, social, and scientific relationships, which involved:The renaissance gave way to a whole-scale reconfiguration of political, economic, social, and scientific relationships, which involved: An end to the dominance of religion in the political sphere (ultramontagnism and divine right) An end to the dominance of religion in the political sphere (ultramontagnism and divine right) The constitution of independent and sovereign states The constitution of independent and sovereign states The end of feudalism The end of feudalism The growth of early capitalism The growth of early capitalism The scientific revolution The scientific revolution Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

3. The Fragmentation of Western Christendom The Fragmentation of Western Christendom The Protestant ReformationThe Protestant Reformation Martin Luther Martin Luther Reform Outside Germany Reform Outside Germany John Calvin John Calvin The Catholic ReformationThe Catholic Reformation The Council of Trent The Council of Trent St. Ignatius Loyola St. Ignatius Loyola The Society of Jesus The Society of Jesus Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

4. The Fragmentation of Western Christendom The Fragmentation of Western Christendom Witch-Hunts and Religious WarsWitch-Hunts and Religious Wars Witch-Hunting Witch-Hunting Religious Wars Religious Wars The Thirty Years’ War The Thirty Years’ War Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

5. The Consolidation of Sovereign States The Consolidation of Sovereign States The Attempted Revival of EmpireThe Attempted Revival of Empire Charles V Charles V Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

7. The Consolidation of Sovereign States The Consolidation of Sovereign States The Attempted Revival of EmpireThe Attempted Revival of Empire Charles V Charles V Imperial Fragmentation Imperial Fragmentation Foreign Challenges Foreign Challenges The New MonarchsThe New Monarchs Finance Finance State Power State Power The Spanish The Spanish Inquisition Inquisition Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

8. The Consolidation of Sovereign States The Consolidation of Sovereign States Constitutional States and Absolute MonarchiesConstitutional States and Absolute Monarchies Constitutional States Constitutional States Absolutism Absolutism The Sun King The Sun King Absolutism Outside France Absolutism Outside France The European States SystemThe European States System The Peace of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia The Balance of Power The Balance of Power Military Development Military Development Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

9. Early Capitalist Society Early Capitalist Society Population Growth and UrbanizationPopulation Growth and Urbanization American Food Crops American Food Crops Population Growth Population Growth Urbanization Urbanization Early Capitalism and ProtoindustrializationEarly Capitalism and Protoindustrialization The Nature of Capitalism The Nature of Capitalism Supply and Demand Supply and Demand Joint-Stock Companies Joint-Stock Companies Politics and Empire Politics and Empire The Putting-Out System The Putting-Out System Social Change in Early Modern EuropeSocial Change in Early Modern Europe Profit and Ethics Profit and Ethics The Nuclear Family The Nuclear Family Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

10. Science and Enlightenment Science and Enlightenment The Reconception of the UniverseThe Reconception of the Universe The Ptolemaic Universe The Ptolemaic Universe Planetary Movement Planetary Movement The Copernican The Copernican Universe Universe The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Isaac Newton The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment Science and Society Science and Society Voltaire Voltaire Deism Deism The Theory of Progress The Theory of Progress Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe

11. Sources From The Past: Sources From The Past: Adam Smith on the Capitalist Market Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe “Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. It is in his own advantage, indeed, and not that of society, which he has in view…” - An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations