2. Introduction to Neural Network toolbox in Matlab  Matlab stands for MATrix LABoratory.  Matlab 5.3.1 with toolboxs. SIMULINK Signal Processing Toolbox Control System Toolbox System Identification Toolbox Robust Control Toolbox Spline Toolbox Optimization Toolbox Neural Network Toolbox Image Processing Toolbox Symbolic Math Toolbox Fuzzy Logic Toolbox Statistics Toolbox Wavelet Toolbox Communication Toolbox Database Toolbox

3. Programming Language : Matlab  High-level script language with interpreter.  Huge library of function and scripts.  Act as an computing environment that combines numeric computation, advanced graphics and visualization.

4. Entrance of matlab  Type matlab in unix command prompt e.g. sparc76.cs.cuhk.hk:/uac/gds/username> matlab If you will find an command prompt ‘>>’ and you have successfully entered matlab.  >>

5. Ask more information about software  >> info – contacting the company eg. Technique support, bugs.  >> ver –version of matlab and its toolboxes –licence number  >> whatsnew –what’s new of the version

6. Function for programmer  help : Detail of function provided. –>> help nnet, help sumsqr  lookfor : Find out a function by giving some keyword. –>> lookfor sum TRACE Sum of diagonal elements. CUMSUM Cumulative sum of elements. SUM Sum of elements. SUMMER Shades of green and yellow colormap. UIRESUME Resume execution of blocked M-file. UIWAIT Block execution and wait for resume. ……………...

7. Function for programmer (cont’d)  which : the location of function in the system  (similar to whereis in unix shell) –>> which sum –sum is a built-in function. –>> which sumsqr –/opt1/matlab-5.3.1/toolbox/nnet/nnet/sumsqr.m So that you can save it in your own directory and modify it.

8. Function for programmer (cont’d)  ! : calling unix command in matlab system –>> !ls –>> !netscape

9. Plotting graph  Visualisation of the data and result.  Most important when handing in the report.  plot : plot the vector in 2D or 3D –>> y = [1 2 3 4]; figure(1); plot(power(y,2)); Index of the vector (you can make another vector for the x-axis) x = [2 4 6 8]; plot(x,power(y,2)); Add vector x as the x-axis index

10. Implementation of Neural Network using NN Toolbox Version 3.0.1  1. Loading data source.  2. Selecting attributes required.  3. Decide training, validation, and testing data.  4. Data manipulations and Target generation. –(for supervised learning)  5. Neural Network creation (selection of network architecture) and initialisation.  6. Network Training and Testing.  7. Performance evaluation.

11. Loading data  load: retrieve data from disk. –In ascii or.mat format. Save variables in matlab environment and load back >> data = load(‘wtest.txt’); >> whos data; Name Size Bytes Class data 826x7 46256 double array

12. Matrix manipulation  stockname = data(:,1);  training = data([1:100],:)  a=[1;2]; a*a’ => [1,2;2,4];  a=[1,2;2,4]; a. *a => [1,4;4,16]; for all Start for 1 12 24 14 416

13. Neural Network Creation and Initialisation  net = newff(PR,[S1 S2...SNl],{TF1 TF2...TFNl},BTF,BLF,PF)  Description  NEWFF(PR,[S1 S2...SNl],{TF1 TF2...TFNl},BTF,BLF,PF) takes,  PR - Rx2 matrix of min and max values for R input elements.  Si - Size of ith layer, for Nl layers.  TFi - Transfer function of ith layer, default = 'tansig'.  BTF - Backprop network training function, default = 'trainlm'.  BLF - Backprop weight/bias learning function, default = 'learngdm'.  PF - Performance function, default = 'mse’ and returns an  N layer feed-forward backprop network. Number of inputs decided by PR S1: number hidden neurons S2: number of ouput neuron >> PR = [-1 1; -1 1; -1 1; -1 1]; -1 1 MinMax neuron 1

14. Neural Network Creation  newff : create a feed-forward network.  Description  NEWFF(PR,[S1 S2...SNl],{TF1 TF2...TFNl},BTF,BLF,PF) takes,  PR - Rx2 matrix of min and max values for R input elements.  Si - Size of ith layer, for Nl layers.  TFi - Transfer function of ith layer, default = 'tansig'.  BTF - Backprop network training function, default = 'trainlm'.  BLF - Backprop weight/bias learning function, default = 'learngdm'.  PF - Performance function, default = 'mse’ and returns an  N layer feed-forward backprop network. TF1: logsig TF2: logsig >> net = newff([-1 1; -1 1; -1 1; -1 1], [4,1], {‘logsig’ ‘logsig’}); Number of inputs decided by PR

15. Network Initialisation  Initialise the net’s weighting and biases  >> net = init(net);% init is called after newff  re-initialise with other function: –net.layers{1}.initFcn = 'initwb'; –net.inputWeights{1,1}.initFcn = 'rands'; –net.biases{1,1}.initFcn = 'rands'; –net.biases{2,1}.initFcn = 'rands';

16. Network Training  The overall architecture of your neural network is store in the variable net;  We can reset the variable inside. net.trainParam.epochs =1000;(Max no. of epochs to train) [100] net.trainParam.goal =0.01;(stop training if the error goal hit) [0] net.trainParam.lr =0.001;(learning rate, not default trainlm) [0.01] net.trainParam.show =1;(no. epochs between showing error) [25] net.trainParam.time =1000;(Max time to train in sec) [inf]

17. Network Training(cont’d)  train : train the network with its architecture.  Description  TRAIN(NET,P,T,Pi,Ai) takes,  NET - Network.  P - Network inputs.  T - Network targets, default = zeros.  Pi - Initial input delay conditions, default = zeros.  Ai - Initial layer delay conditions, default = zeros. >> p = [-0.5 1 -0.5 1; -1 0.5 -1 0.5; 0.5 1 0.5 1; -0.5 -1 -0.5 -1]; -0.5 1 -0.5 1 -1 0.5 -1 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 1 -0.5 -1 -0.5 -1 Training pattern 1 For neuron 1

18. Network Training(cont’d)  train : train the network with its architecture.  Description  TRAIN(NET,P,T,Pi,Ai) takes,  NET - Network.  P - Network inputs.  T - Network targets, default = zeros.  Pi - Initial input delay conditions, default = zeros.  Ai - Initial layer delay conditions, default = zeros. >> p = [-0.5 1 -0.5 1; -1 0.5 -1 0.5; 0.5 1 0.5 1; -0.5 -1 -0.5 -1]; >> net = train(net, p, t); >> t = [-1 1 -1 1]; -1 1 -1 1 Training pattern 1

19. Simulation of the network  [Y] = SIM(model, UT)  Y : Returned output in matrix or structure format.  model : Name of a block diagram model.  UT : For table inputs, the input to the model is interpolated. >> UT = [-0.5 1 ; -0.25 1; -1 0.25 ; -1 0.5]; -0.51.00 -0.251.00 -1.00 0.25 -1.00 0.50 Training pattern 1 For neuron 1 >> Y = sim(net,UT);

20. Performance Evaluation  Comparison between target and network’s output in testing set.(generalisation ability)  Comparison between target and network’s output in training set. (memorisation ability)  Design a function to measure the distance/similarity of the target and output, or simply use mse for example.

21. Write them in a file (Adding a new function)  Create a file as fname.m (extension as.m)  >> fname loading.m function [Y, Z] = othername(str) Y = load(str); Z = length(Y); >> [A,B] = loading('wtest.txt');

22. Reference  Neural Networks Toolbox User's Guide –http://www.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/corner/tech/doc/manual/matlab-5.3.1/help/pdf_doc/nnet/nnet.pdfhttp://www.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/corner/tech/doc/manual/matlab-5.3.1/help/pdf_doc/nnet/nnet.pdf  Matlab Help Desk –http://www.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/corner/tech/doc/manual/matlab-5.3.1/help/helpdesk.htmlhttp://www.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/corner/tech/doc/manual/matlab-5.3.1/help/helpdesk.html  Mathworks ower of Matlab –http://www.mathworks.com/http://www.mathworks.com/