1. Announcements Read Wiesner, chap. 8 for Friday, and be prepared to discuss. Pick up essays and other graded work from Prof. C. Note Revised schedule for next week, per online syllabus and as announced last class. Go Sox….

2. The “Middle Ages” Why this name? Why is this era important ? Dives and Lazarus

3. Images of “Medieval” world

4. Today’s Agenda I. High Middle Ages (900-1300) Agriculture Towns Crusades Next week = Late Middle Ages (1200- 1400) Medieval Society Universities Plague, etc.

5. High Middle Ages (900-1300) Major Themes: Rural Agriculture (manorialism, demesne) Rise of Towns Economic expansion (int’l trade, new businesses) Local Politics (Feudalism) & fragmented empires Christian expansion (cathedrals, Crusades) Intellectual growth (universities) Religious fervor (mendicants, heresy, Inquisition) Rural, hierarchical, continuity in daily life = Tradition Expansion, growth, new opportunities = Innovation

6. Medieval Agriculture -everyone is involved in agriculture -influences the calendar, military strategy, life expectancy, etc. -prosperity

7. Medieval Agriculture

8. Agricultural surplus New technologies –more efficient mills –ability to harness horses New crops New cultivation methods –three-field system increased land in cultivation every year from 1/2 to 2/3rds decreased risk of starvation due to crop failure

9. A medieval manor and the “open field” system

10. Another Medieval Manor map: How does this compare to the previous map?

12. A new power in European politics: TOWNS Recall the link between “civilization” and “cities” –The collapse of Roman civilization was a collapse of Roman cities and all that went with their culture and society c. 1000, towns began to re-emerge throughout Western Europe –revival of trade made possible due to growth of European population –900: approx. 18.5 million –1300: approx. 49.5 million

13. Map 11.1 Towns Large and Small, c. 1350

14. Town populations, c. 1350

15. Where were towns? Geography: –trade routes (rivers, ports, roads) Military: –near castles built to establish a royal or noble presence in the countryside Ecclesiastical –seat of a bishop or archbishop Historical –often built on the ruins of a Roman settlement –Always fortified by walls

16. What town is this?

17. The Geography of urban growth; Paris, c.1200 “Left Bank” = Rive Gauche = Latin Quarter = Student zone

19. A Growing Town Florence, Italy 1200:15K pop. 1300:96K pop. 1350:30K pop.

20. Various medieval towns/cities (Mont St. Michel; Lucca; Munich; Dordogne)

21. Walled medieval cities (York, Bergamo, Carcassone)

22. The Crusades

23. Religion in the Medieval Mediterranean

24. Crusades 5 Ws 1096-1215 Eastern Med. & “Crusader States” Economic expansion; religious conversion; buoyant optimism; Catholic-Orthodox antagonism; Turks’ invasion; chivalric knighthood. Saladin; Richard Lion-Hearted; Pilgrims & Knights Crucesignati = signed by the cross Urban II: Call to Crusaders (p. 308, Noble)Call to Crusaders “Dius le vult!” (God wills it)…. Ibn Al-Athir’s perspective on Crusades (p. 310, Noble)

25. Crusader Routes (see also Noble, p. 309)

26. Crusades I-IV

27. 21 st Century Crusades??

28. The Crusades live on….