2. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 1 Introduction to Privacy January 23, 2007

3. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 2 Administrivia Collect homework and human subjects certificates Collect student survey forms Make sure everyone has been getting mailing list messages

4. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 3 Outline What is privacy? Privacy laws and self-regulation Privacy risks from personalization Reducing privacy risks

5. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 4 What is privacy?

6. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 5 What is privacy? “Being alone.” - Shane (age 4)

7. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 6 Westin “Privacy and Freedom” 1967 “Privacy is the claim of individuals, groups or institutions to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent information about them is communicated to others” Privacy is not an absolute

8. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 7 Privacy as process “Each individual is continually engaged in a personal adjustment process in which he balances the desire for privacy with the desire for disclosure and communication….” - Alan Westin, 1967

9. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 8 Westin’s four states of privacy Solitude individual separated from the group and freed from the observation of other persons Intimacy individual is part of a small unit Anonymity individual in public but still seeks and finds freedom from identification and surveillance Reserve the creation of a psychological barrier against unwanted intrusion - holding back communication

10. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 9 Different views of privacy Privacy as limited access to self the extent to which we are known to others and the extent to which others have physical access to us Privacy as control over information not simply limiting what others know about you, but controlling it this assumes individual autonomy, that you can control information in a meaningful way (not blind click through, for example)

11. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 10 Privacy as animal instinct Eagles eating a deer carcass http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/eagle/CaptureE63.html Is privacy necessary for species survival?

12. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 11 Privacy laws and self-regulation

13. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 12 OECD fair information principles http://www.datenschutz- berlin.de/gesetze/internat/ben.htm Collection limitation Data quality Purpose specification Use limitation Security safeguards Openness Individual participation Accountability

14. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 13 US FTC simplified principles Notice and disclosure Choice and consent Data security Data quality and access Recourse and remedies US Federal Trade Commission, Privacy Online: A Report to Congress (June 1998), http://www.ftc.gov/reports/privacy3/

15. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 14 Laws and regulations Privacy laws and regulations vary widely throughout the world US has mostly sector-specific laws, with relatively minimal protections Federal Trade Commission has jurisdiction over fraud and deceptive practices Federal Communications Commission regulates telecommunications European Data Protection Directive requires all European Union countries to adopt similar comprehensive privacy laws Privacy commissions in each country (some countries have national and state commissions) Many European companies non-compliant with privacy laws (2002 study found majority of UK web sites non-compliant) Safe Harbor allows US companies to self-certify compliance

16. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 15 Some US privacy laws Bank Secrecy Act, 1970 Fair Credit Reporting Act, 1971 Privacy Act, 1974 Right to Financial Privacy Act, 1978 Cable TV Privacy Act, 1984 Video Privacy Protection Act, 1988 Family Educational Right to Privacy Act, 1993 Electronic Communications Privacy Act, 1994 Freedom of Information Act, 1966, 1991, 1996

17. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 16 US law – recent additions HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 1996) When implemented, will protect medical records and other individually identifiable health information COPPA (Children‘s Online Privacy Protection Act, 1998) Web sites that target children must obtain parental consent before collecting personal information from children under the age of 13 GLB (Gramm-Leach-Bliley-Act, 1999) Requires privacy policy disclosure and opt-out mechanisms from financial service institutions

18. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 17 Voluntary privacy guidelines Online Privacy Alliance http://www.privacyalliance.org Direct Marketing Association Privacy Promise http://www.thedma.org/library/ privacy/privacypromise.shtml Network Advertising Initiative Principles http://www.networkadvertising.org/ CTIA Location-based privacy guidelines http://www.wow- com.com/news/press/body.cfm?record_id=907

19. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 18

20. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 19 Chief privacy officers Companies are increasingly appointing CPOs to have a central point of contact for privacy concerns Role of CPO varies in each company Draft privacy policy Respond to customer concerns Educate employees about company privacy policy Review new products and services for compliance with privacy policy Develop new initiatives to keep company out front on privacy issue Monitor pending privacy legislation

21. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 20 Seal programs TRUSTe – http://www.truste.org BBBOnline – http://www.bbbonline.org CPA WebTrust – http://www.cpawebtrust.org/ Japanese Privacy Mark http://privacymark.org/

22. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 21 Seal program problems Certify only compliance with stated policy Limited ability to detect non-compliance Minimal privacy requirements Don’t address privacy issues that go beyond the web site Nonetheless, reporting requirements are forcing licensees to review their own policies and practices and think carefully before introducing policy changes

23. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 22 Privacy policies Policies let consumers know about site’s privacy practices Consumers can then decide whether or not practices are acceptable, when to opt-in or opt-out, and who to do business with The presence of privacy policies increases consumer trust What are some problems with privacy policies?

24. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 23 Privacy policy problems BUT policies are often difficult to understand hard to find take a long time to read change without notice

25. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 24 Privacy policy components Identification of site, scope, contact info Types of information collected Including information about cookies How information is used Conditions under which information might be shared Information about opt-in/opt-out Information about access Information about data retention policies Information about seal programs Security assurances Children’s privacy There is lots of information to convey -- but policy should be brief and easy-to-read too! What is opt-in? What is opt-out?

26. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 25 Short Notices Project organized by Hunton & Williams law firm Create short version (short notice) of a human-readable privacy notice for both web sites and paper handouts Sometimes called a “layered notice” as short version would advise people to refer to long notice for more detail Now being called “highlights notice” Focus on reducing privacy policy to at most 7 boxes Standardized format but only limited standardization of language Proponents believe highlights format may eventually be mandated by law Alternative proposals from privacy advocates focus on check boxes Interest Internationally http://www.privacyconference2003.org/resolution.asp Interest in the US for financial privacy notices http://www.ftc.gov/privacy/privacyinitiatives/ftcfinalreport060228.pdf

27. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 26

28. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 27

29. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 28

30. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 29 Checkbox proposal WE SHARE [DO NOT SHARE] PERSONAL INFORMATION WITH OTHER WEBSITES OR COMPANIES. Collection: YESNO We collect personal information directly from you   We collect information about you from other sources:   We use cookies on our website   We use web bugs or other invisible collection methods   We install monitoring programs on your computer   Uses: We use information about you to:With YourWithout Your ConsentConsent Send you advertising mail   Send you electronic mail   Call you on the telephone   Sharing: We allow others to use your information to:With YourWithout YourConsent Maintain shared databases about you   Send you advertising mail   Send you electronic mail   Call you on the telephoneN/AN/A Access: You can see and correct {ALL, SOME, NONE} of the information we have about you. Choices: You can opt-out of receiving fromUsAffiliatesThird Parties Advertising mail   Electronic mail   Telemarketing  N/A Retention: We keep your personal data for:{Six Months Three Years Forever} Change:We can change our data use policy {AT ANY TIME, WITH NOTICE TO YOU, ONLY FOR DATA COLLECTED IN THE FUTURE}

31. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 30

32. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 31

33. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 32

34. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 33 Platform for Privacy Preferences Project (P3P) Developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) http://www.w3.org/p3p/ Final P3P1.0 Recommendation issued 16 April 2002 Offers an easy way for web sites to communicate about their privacy policies in a standard machine-readable format Can be deployed using existing web servers Enables the development of tools (built into browsers or separate applications) that Summarize privacy policies Compare policies with user preferences Alert and advise users

35. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 34 Basic components P3P provides a standard XML format that web sites use to encode their privacy policies Sites also provide XML “policy reference files” to indicate which policy applies to which part of the site Sites can optionally provide a “compact policy” by configuring their servers to issue a special P3P header when cookies are set No special server software required User software to read P3P policies called a “P3P user agent”

36. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 35 What’s in a P3P policy? Name and contact information for site The kind of access provided Mechanisms for resolving privacy disputes The kinds of data collected How collected data is used, and whether individuals can opt-in or opt-out of any of these uses Whether/when data may be shared and whether there is opt-in or opt-out Data retention policy

37. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 36 A simple HTTP transaction Web Server GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.att.com... Request web page HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: text/html... Send web page

38. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 37 … with P3P 1.0 added Web Server GET /w3c/p3p.xml HTTP/1.1 Host: www.att.com Request Policy Reference File Send Policy Reference File GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.att.com... Request web page HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: text/html... Send web page Request P3P PolicySend P3P Policy

39. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 38 P3P increases transparency P3P clients can check a privacy policy each time it changes P3P clients can check privacy policies on all objects in a web page, including ads and invisible images http://adforce.imgis.com/?adlink|2|68523|1|146|ADFORCE http://www.att.com/accessatt/

40. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 39 P3P in IE6 Privacy icon on status bar indicates that a cookie has been blocked – pop-up appears the first time the privacy icon appears Automatic processing of compact policies only; third-party cookies without compact policies blocked by default

41. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 40 Users can click on privacy icon for list of cookies; privacy summaries are available at sites that are P3P-enabled

42. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 41 Privacy summary report is generated automatically from full P3P policy

43. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 42 P3P in Netscape 7 Preview version similar to IE6, focusing, on cookies; cookies without compact policies (both first-party and third-party) are “flagged” rather than blocked by default Indicates flagged cookie

44. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 43 Privacy Bird Free download of beta from http://privacybird.com/http://privacybird.com/ Origninally developed at AT&T Labs Released as open source “Browser helper object” for IE6 Reads P3P policies at all P3P-enabled sites automatically Bird icon at top of browser window indicates whether site matches user’s privacy preferences Clicking on bird icon gives more information

45. Chirping bird is privacy indicator

46. Red bird indicates mismatch

47. Check embedded content too

48. Privacy settings

49. Example: Sending flowers

52. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 51 Privacy Finder Prototype developed at AT&T Labs, improved and deployed by CUPS Uses Google or Yahoo! API to retrieve search results Checks each result for P3P policy Evaluates P3P policy against user’s preferences Reorders search results Composes search result page with privacy annotations next to each P3P-enabled result Users can retrieve “Privacy Report” similar to Privacy Bird policy summary

53. Demo

54. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 53 P3P Resources For further information on P3P see: http://www.w3.org/P3P/ http://p3ptoolbox.org/ http://p3pbook.com/

55. Privacy risks from personalization

56. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 55 Unsolicited marketing Desire to avoid unwanted marketing causes some people to avoid giving out personal information

57. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 56 My computer can “figure things out about me” The little people inside my computer might know it’s me… … and they might tell their friends

58. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 57 Inaccurate inferences “My TiVo thinks I’m gay!”

59. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 58 Surprisingly accurate inferences Everyone wants to be understood. No one wants to be known.

60. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 59 You thought that on the Internet nobody knew you were a dog… …but then you started getting personalized ads for your favorite brand of dog food

61. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 60 Price discrimination Concerns about being charged higher prices Concerns about being treated differently

62. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 61 Revealing private information to other users of a computer Revealing info to family members or co-workers Gift recipient learns about gifts in advance Co-workers learn about a medical condition Revealing secrets that can unlock many accounts Passwords, answers to secret questions, etc.

63. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 62 The Cranor family’s 25 most frequent grocery purchases (sorted by nutritional value)!

64. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 63 Exposing secrets to criminals Stalkers, identity thieves, etc. People who break into account may be able to access profile info People may be able to probe recommender systems to learn profile information associated with other users

65. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 64 Subpoenas Records are often subpoenaed in patent disputes, child custody cases, civil litigation, criminal cases

66. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 65 Government surveillance Governments increasingly looking for personal records to mine in the name of fighting terrorism People may be subject to investigation even if they have done nothing wrong

67. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 66 Little Brother as Big Brother

69. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 68 Risks may be magnified in future Wireless location tracking Semantic web applications Ubiquitous computing

70. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 69 If you’re not careful, you may violate data protection laws Some jurisdictions have privacy laws that Restrict how data is collected and used Require that you give notice, get consent, or offer privacy-protective options Impose penalties if personal information is accidentally exposed

71. Reducing privacy risks

72. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 71 Tends to be MORE Privacy Invasive Tends to be LESS Privacy Invasive Implicit Explicit Persistent (profile) Transient (task or session) System initiated User initiated Predication basedContent based Axes of personalization Data collection method Duration User involvement Reliance on predictions

73. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 72 A variety of approaches to reducing privacy risks No single approach will always work Two types of approaches: Reduce data collection and storage (data minimization) Put users in control (notice and choice)

74. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 73 Collection limitation: Pseudonymous profiles Useful for reducing risk and complying with privacy laws when ID is not needed for personalization But, profile may become identifiable because of unique combinations of info, links with log data, unauthorized access to user’s computer, etc. Profile info should always be stored separately from web usage logs and transaction records that might contain IP addresses or PII

75. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 74 Collection limitation: Client-side profiles Useful for reducing risk and complying with laws Risk of exposure to other users of computer remains; storing encrypted profiles can help Client-side profiles may be stored in cookies replayed to server that discards them after use Client-side scripting may allow personalization without ever sending personal info to the server For some applications, no reason to send data to server

76. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 75 Collection limitation: Task-based personalization Focus on data associated with current session or task - no user profile need be stored anywhere May allow for simpler (and less expensive) system architecture too! May eliminate problem of system making recommendations that are not relevant to current task Less “spooky” to users - relationship between current task and resultant personalization usually obvious

77. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 76 Putting users in control Users should be able to control what information is stored in their profile how it may be used and disclosed

78. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 77 Developing good user interface to do this is complicated Setting preferences can be tedious Creating overall rules that can be applied on the fly as new profile data is collected requires deep understanding and ability to anticipate privacy concerns

79. Usable Privacy and Security Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2007 Cranor/Hong http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/courses/ups-sp07/ 78 Possible approaches Provide reasonable default rules with the ability to add/change rules or specify preferences for handling of specific data Up front With each action After-the-fact Explicit privacy preference prompts during transaction process Allow multiple personae

80. Example: Google Search History