1. Non-Mendelian Genetics

2. Non-Mendelian Genetics
Some traits don’t follow the simple dominant/recessive rules that Mendel first applied to genetics.
Traits can be controlled by more than one gene.
Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive.

3. Incomplete Dominance
One allele is not completely dominant over another.
The heterozygous phenotype is a blending of the two homozygous phenotypes.
Example: four o’clock flowers
rr=red
ww=white
rw=pink (blending of the two alleles)

4. Codominance Two alleles are both expressed as a dominant phenotype
Coat color in cows
RR: Red
WW: White
RW: Roan, white with red spots (NOT pink!)

5. Multiple-Allele Series
Codominance
More than two choices of alleles are present for a trait
ABO blood type has three alleles
ABO Blood types:
If both A and B are present, type is AB
Neither is recessive
Individuals can be type A, B, AB, or O (recessive)

6. What is blood made up of? The red blood cells The white blood cells
contain hemoglobin.
Red blood cells transport O2 and CO2 to and from body tissues.
The white blood cells
fight infection.
The platelets
help the blood to clot
The plasma
Fluid which contains salts and various kinds of proteins.

7. Determining Blood Type
                                                                                             
(not actual shape or size of antigens)
                                                                                             
(not actual shape or size of antigens)
                                                                                             
(not actual shape or size of antigens)
Determining Blood Type
Protein molecules found on the surface of RBC’s and in the blood plasma determine the blood type of an individual.
Antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells
Antibodies are in the blood plasma.

8. What are the different blood groups?
Blood group A (IA, IA ), (IA, i) have A antigens on the surface of red blood cells and B antibodies in blood plasma.
Blood group B (IB, IB ), (IB, i)
have B antigens on the surface of red blood cells and A antibodies in blood plasma.

9. What are the different blood groups?
Blood group AB (IA, IB ) have both A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells and no A or B antibodies in blood plasma.
Blood group O (i, i) have neither A or B antigens on the surface of red blood cells but have both A and B antibodies in blood plasma.

10. Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom?
The transfusion will work if a person who is going to receive blood has a blood group that doesn't have any antibodies against the donor blood's antigens.

11. People with blood group 0 are called "universal donors" and people with blood group AB are called "universal receivers."

12. Rh Factor Refers to another antigen on red blood cells
Dominant trait is to have the antigen
Rh+
Recessive trait is not to have it
Rh-
A person with Rh- blood will produce antibodies to Rh+ blood
Can be a problem in pregnancy

13. Sex-Linked Inheritance

14. Review Males have an X and a Y chromosome
Females have two X chromosomes
These chromosomes determine sex, so genes located on these chromosomes are known as sex-linked genes.

15. The X chromosome is much larger than the Y, so it carries more genes than the Y chromosome.
Disorders that are sex-linked are much more common in males, because they would only need 1 recessive allele to have the trait; rather than the two recessive alleles the females need.

16. Hemophilia Recessive trait
Disorder where individuals are missing the normal blood clotting protein.
Uncontrolled bleeds from minor cuts or bruises.
Female genotype:
Male genotype:

17. Colorblindness Recessive Inability to see certain colors
Female genotype:
Male genotype:

18. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Recessive
Progressive weakening and loss of skeletal muscle.
Defective version of gene that codes for muscle protein
Female genotype:
Male genotype:

19. EXAMPLES!!
A woman who is heterozygous for normal vision marries a man who is colorblind. What are the chances of them having a son or daughter who is colorblind?
**NOTE: You have to use X’s and Y’s, and read the punnett square separately for boys and girls!**

20. A woman who is homozygous for normal blood clotting marries a man who has hemophilia. What are the chances of them having a son or daughter with hemophilia?