1. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole UK Accelerator Activity ASTeC Role and National Programme Perspectives Mike Poole ASTeC Director

2. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Role of AST in CCLRC Core Business for CCLRC DL and RAL created for particle physics: NINA NIMROD 40+ years expertise in electron, proton and ion accelerators Design, build and operate Large User Facilities latterly photon and neutron sources: SRS ISIS HELIOS Develop next generation solutions DIAMOND ESS ERLP/4GLS ( ILC, NF, ……..) Underpinning R&D programmes Interdisciplinary skills plus operational scale

3. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole CCLRC AST Review - 2001 Major skill bases remained in ISIS and SR Departments Particle physics accelerator expertise (almost) lost Accelerator Science and Technology Centre (ASTeC) created in 2001, initially 20 staff - now ~50 staff - accelerator specialists only - £7M pa programme by 2005 Expansion stimulated by SR02 awards to CCLRC + PPARC Major development activities continue in ISIS Department, partly supported by ASTeC (~£1M pa)

4. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole ASTeC Strategic Objectives Establish and consolidate UK core accelerator skills base –leadership and advice to stakeholders Ensure international competitiveness –(people + programmes) Develop future LSF –(advice, design, prototype, construction, commission) Pursue underpinning technology –(inc. experiments) Encourage significant collaborations –(HEIs + international) Promote AST inside and outside CCLRC

5. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Key Elements Underpinning design studies on future user facilities Frontier beam dynamics simulations New technology demonstrations Advanced beam test facilities Major networking with HEIs and overseas laboratories Knowledge transfer Recruitment/retention

6. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole ASTeC Structure Five Groups: –Accelerator Physics (Susan Smith)(16) –Intense Beams (Chris Prior)(7) –RF and Diagnostics (Peter McIntosh)(15) –Magnetics and Radiation Sources(Jim Clarke)(7) –Vacuum Science (Joe Herbert)(6) Restrict to AST specialisms - CCLRC engineering etc New style of funded Technology Centre within CCLRC Income received also from DIAMOND, SRS, 4GLS, EU… and PPARC

7. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Themes for 21st Century Energy frontier (or efficiency) Extreme power proton drivers Ultra-high brightness electron drivers Solution (often) = New technology eg SRF

8. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Principal ASTeC Sponsored Programmes Light sources - 4GLS, FELs, ERLP Linear collider - ILC, CLIC Neutron source - generic next generation (MW), FETS Neutrino factory - MICE, design concepts, proton driver, FFAG DIAMOND design/procurement role (CDR/TDR; now greatly reduced) SRS support/development (hands-on role and training until 2008) Blue Skies (laser-plasma projects) Underpinning technology (eg undulators, NEG pumps, RF systems etc) NB Sundry smaller scale projects/collaborations include KATRIN

9. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Joint CCLRC/PPARC Programme Funded from SR02 allocations Dedicated to LC and NF (+ Accelerator Institutes) Responsive mode grants awarded to LC and NF Collaborations (CCLRC + 15 HEIs) –Birmingham Cambridge Dundee Durham Lancaster Liverpool Manchester Oxford QMUL RHUL UCL –Glasgow IC Liverpool Oxford Sheffield Warwick Funded April 04-March 07: –LC-ABD= £9.1M (PPARC) + £1.5M (CCLRC) –UK-NF= £2.0M (PPARC) NB Additional £9M on Accelerator Institutes to 2012 (<£2M this period)

10. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole PPARC Award to CCLRC (2004-2007) Total funds £4.7M(75% LC, 25% NF) Staff support £3.2M (ie ~50 sy) ASTeC gets £2.4M to cover its staff This covers both LC and NF activities NB ASTeC adds £3M to this Joint Programme (inc MICE)

11. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole LC-ABD National Collaboration Linear Collider studies now organised in UK largely through LC-ABD Collaboration with HEIs (2004-2007) Strategic decision to concentrate on Beam Delivery System Major funding initiatives (~ £11M over 3 years) ASTeC takes lead role in Beam Dynamics and in Magnet and RF Technologies. New Beam Dump topic now initiated. Further major ASTeC role in Beam Diagnostics NB Also participate in EUROTeV programme - leverage used (and extra topics)

12. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Configuration for 500 GeV machine Expandability to 1 TeV ILC Baseline Configuration (2006)

13. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole LC Beam Dynamics at ASTeC ILC Baseline BDS –Mainly 2 mrad crossing studies –Final Focus optimisation design with local chromaticity correction –Compensation of higher order aberrations –Extraction line design –Collimation region design and simulations –Ground motion modelling for the linear collider Necessary beam dynamics codes for these studies have been implemented. These are PPARC funded Work Packages - HEI collaborations

14. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole LC Technology at ASTeC Polarised positron source (SCM) Crab RF system(SRF) Collimation solutions Diagnostics(nm + fs) Multi-MW beam dump (just initiated) These are PPARC and CCLRC funded Work Packages - HEI collaborations NB ASTeC also funds support for SLAC ESA station master

15. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Other LC-ABD Activities Laser wire Longitudinal bunch structure Polarisation analysis Laser alignment surveyor and Stabilisation Intra--bunch fast feedback Spectrometry Led by HEIs

16. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Muon Storage Ring High current H – source Proton Driver TargetCapture Cooling Muon Acceleration ‘near’ detector (1000–3000km) ‘far’ detector (5000–8000km) ‘local’ detector Schematic Neutrino Factory

17. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole NF Accelerator Challenges 5-10 MW proton beam generation Pion target survival Muon capture (and cooling ?) Muon acceleration and storage Conceptual studies have UK funding Probable EU FP7 Design Study bid (2007-2010) UK could host ?

18. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole ASTeC Neutrino Factory Studies PPARC funded programme with HEIs ASTeC conceptual studies of proton driver options (including high intensity synchrotrons) and muon accelerators High power target studies Pre-FP7 Scoping Study (joint CCLRC/PPARC initiative) Direct financing of MICE Phase 1 (and RF activities for Phase 2) International collaborations, including FFAG development These are PPARC and CCLRC funded Work Packages - HEI collaborations

19. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole MICE Project Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment Under construction at RAL

20. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole ASTeC Expenditure Overview 2005/6

21. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole 800 MeV protons, 200 µA, 160 kW on tungsten target ~2×10 16 neutrons/second (mean) from spallation ISIS Neutron Source At RAL site H – ion source (17 kV) 665 kV H – RFQ 70 MeV H – linac 800 MeV proton synchrotron World record

22. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Intense Neutron Source ISIS is present world record holder (160kW+) ISIS upgrade to 1 MW studied and feasible CCLRC major contribution to ESS Design Studies (multi-MW) Front End Test Stand (FETS) develops intense LE solutions –ion source LEBT (75 keV) RFQ MEBT (3 MeV) diagnostics (Linac ?) Proton driver synergy with Neutrino Factory Combined ISIS/ASTeC activity

23. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Daresbury Laboratory

24. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Daresbury SRS Concept Storage Ring Booster Linac Beamlines 80 keV 12 MeV 600 MeV World’s first dedicated x-ray source 2 GeV Synchrotron becomes a storage ring

25. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole SRS Layout UK National Light Source operated since 1980 - to be replaced by DIAMOND 300 mA Daily fills Pioneering magnetic insertion devices Closes down Dec 2008 !!!

26. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole The Nobel Prize: F1 ATPase structure Sir John Walker won a share of the 1997 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for solving the structure of the F1 ATPase enzyme using the SRS Developed an important new technique; opens the way for new insights into metabolic and degenerative disease

27. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Alternative Compact Light Source Designed at Daresbury Sold by Oxford Instruments to IBM in 1990 - lithography Operated successfully for 10 years 700 MeV

28. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole The DIAMOND Project Transfer line STORAGE RING 3 GeV 24 cells Instrument BOOSTER 3 GeV LINAC 100 MeV Circumference = 560 m 5 m and 8 m straights 300 mA

29. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Linac and Booster - Dec 2005

30. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole First beam in the booster Dec. 21 st 2005 DIAMOND Commissioning Milestone

31. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Storage Ring Installation - Dec 2005

32. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole DIAMOND SRF Cavity (Cornell ring)

33. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole DIAMOND Experimental Hall (Late 2005)

34. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Next Generation Light Source Strong UK communities exploiting existing advanced storage ring and ‘table top’ laser facilities (SRS, ESRF, CLF) DIAMOND will serve the x-ray community from 2007 (XFEL ?) Low energy (< 1 keV) requires a separately optimised source Users have identified the need to supplement transverse brightness by compression longitudinally - fs pulses Many scientific applications need multiple sources –eg pump-probe SYNERGIES: ULTRA HIGH BRIGHTNESS ELECTRON BEAMS

35. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole DIAMOND Construction (late 2005)

36. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole DIAMOND on RAL Site

37. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Storage Ring Limitations Equilibrium beam dimensions set by radiation emission Beam lifetime limits bunch density (10 11 turns) Demanding UHV environment Undulators restricted by cell structure and apertures Most issues worse at low energies (eg < 1 GeV) FUNDAMENTAL 3GLS LIMITATIONS

38. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Linac Based Light Source Storage ring (10 11 turns) fundamental limitations (  ) Linacs can deliver very high quality electron beams Temporal pulse pattern flexibility High average flux requires Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) Superconducting RF technology can be exploited High average brightness gun is essential development

39. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole New UK Light Source Strong UK communities exploit existing storage ring and ‘table top’ laser facilities (SRS, ESRF, CLF) DIAMOND serves x-ray community from 2007 Low energy (< 1 keV) requires separately optimised source Users need to supplement high transverse brightness by compression longitudinally - fs pulses Many scientific applications need multiple sources –eg pump-probe

40. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole ERL Prototype (ERLP) Project Partnership: DL (ASTeC + SRS) RAL (CLF) HEIs (Manchester/Liverpool/Strathclyde) Jefferson Lab Stanford Rossendorf Principal challenges: High brightness and intensity gun High current superconducting linac Beam transport optics (bunch compression, CSR, wakes) Diagnostics and: Lack of experience

41. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole ERLP Detailed Layout Chirped beam compression ~100 fs FEL included

42. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole ERLP Layout in Tower Building

43. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole ERLP Progress Design challenges overcome - engineering solutions produced Construction well advanced Commissioning all systems late 2006 Experimental exploitation planning - 2007 onwards

44. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Proposed 4GLS Schematic Layout

45. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole 590 MeV Linac 600 MeV Dump (1 kW) XUV FEL Spent Beam Undulator Photon Beams to Experiments HHG Seed Laser 160 MeV XUV FEL Gun Bunch Compressor 3 rd Harmonic Cavity IR FEL THz Source Photon diagnostics & Filtering High Average Current Branch VUV-FEL Spontaneous Sources 750 MeV 200 MeV Bending magnet Source High Current Gun 10 MeV Dump (~1MW) 750 to 950 MeV Timing Signal IR FEL Gun XUV Injector Linac 50 MeV IR Booster Linac 15 to 50 MeV Dump (50 kW) Bunch Compressor XUV Booster Linac Outward Arc Insertion Device Beamlines Optical Delay 0 to few ns 10 MeV Photon Beams to Experiments IR for Combined Source Experiments Optical Delay Return Arc Distributed Bunch Compression Pulse Pattern in Linac Pulse Pattern in Spontaneous Branch Pulse Pattern in XUV FEL Branch 1 kHz Pulse Pattern in IR FEL Branch IR XUV FEL Branch Pulse Pattern in Photon Beams 1 kHz Pulse Pattern in Photon Beams 4GLS Multi-Source Concept

46. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Provisional 4GLS Layout

47. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole 4GLS Source - International Comparison

48. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole 4GLS Project Status Conceptual Design Report (CDR) - April 2006 Technical Design Report - Early 2007 Possible bid - Late 2007 Possible construction - 2008-2012

49. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole ERLP as an Accelerator Test Facility ? Chirped beam compression ~100 fs FEL included

50. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Proposed site for EMMA: e-FFAG Model Build for £4M ?

51. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole 20 to 400 keV Operated at MURA in 1956 Bohr Chandrasekhar FFAGs have Ancient History

52. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Orbit excursion ~0.9m + where k=7.5 Magnets are large, complex & expensive Scaling and Non-scaling FFAG Pioneered in Japan - Scaling Type Bz(r) r r Non-scaling

53. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Electron model - baseline design done Selected lattice: - 10 to 20 MeV42 cells, doublet lattice - 37cm cell length~16m circumference - RF alternate cells1.3GHz Specification of hardware started Possible location - Daresbury EMMA

54. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole 674 cells 16 turns EMMA Simulations

55. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Other Underpinning R&D Collaborations Laser based accelerator systems (with CLF and HEIs) Novel magnet systems (with EID and HEIs) Vacuum science research collaborations (inc MMU contract) Advanced RF technology (with HEIs) ca £500k pa staff costs (70% ASTeC) NB This excludes generic R&D elements of funded project programmes

56. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole The Accelerator Institutes Formal ASTeC policy is to collaborate with both CI and JAI Search for synergies with broad range of ASTeC programmes ASTeC will fund 2 joint appointments (or equivalent) in each Institute ASTeC is equal partner in CI, participates fully in management and policy issues and will share building at DL in April 06 - CCLRC on CI Board. Many CI staff already housed with ASTeC on DL site Negotiations underway with JAI on joint programmes and appointments ASTeC is represented on JAI Executive Committee

57. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole VISION UK to play major role in future international PP Facilities Participation via skill base and ‘in kind’ delivery AST investment for international competitiveness Maintain flexibility Crucial CCLRC role: –core skills –interdisciplinary integration –mega-technology –project management

58. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole CCLRC Investment Priorities Sustainable skill base Funding of prototypes Integrated SRF design/construction/testing facility Build and operate e-FFAG Model (on ERLP) Construct e and p Accelerator Test Facilities (DL + RAL) Ramp up R&D funding prior to Capital Facility NB All of these involve HEI collaboration and cross-Council interests

59. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole SRF Technology Initiative ? Maturity and applicability of superconducting RF systems including ILC - potential major UK industrial role ? Demanding superconducting RF infrastructure Integrated design, build and test (HP) - nowhere in Europe ! Collaboration ASTeC/HEIs/Industry/Faraday Partnership/NWDA Exploit Daresbury infrastructure Unsuccessful bids to PPARC etc (£10M ?)

60. SuperB Meeting Apr 06 M W Poole Conclusions AST in UK has recovered its international status Investment has established strong CCLRC + HEI base Career attraction needs reinforcement Programme should be broadened Evolution to prototyping will be expensive ! CCLRC/PPARC close policy cooperation is crucial