1. Behavioral Biology Evolution of Social Systems

2. Societies Groups of organisms of the same species which cooperate to exist.

3. Benefits of Sociality Kin Selection Decreased Predation Risk Increased Feeding Sources Increased Hunting Success

4. Insect Societies Hymenoptera –Honeybees –Leaf-cutter ants Isoptera –Termites

5. Honeybee Society Caste system – Division of Duties –Queen Diploid female Duty: Reproduction Produces ‘Queen substance’ Lays 1500 eggs/day till death or runs out of sperm

6. Honeybee Society Which one is the Queen?

7. Honeybee Societies Queen Cell

8. Honeybee Society Caste system – Division of Duties –Drone Haploid Male Duty: Find the queen and mate Dies after reproduces (2 seconds!)

9. Honeybee Societies Drone Workers

10. Honeybee Societies Drone Cells

11. Honeybee Society Caste system – Division of Duties –Worker Diploid female with ovaries suppressed Duty: Everything except laying eggs

12. Honeybee Society

13. Workers ‘Festooning’

14. Honeybee Society Worker ‘Scenting’ to Signal Disturbance

15. Bibliography Raven, Peter H. Et al. 2008. Biology, 8 th ed. McGraw Hill Higher Education. New York, NY. All photos are by D. Hautau, Alpena Community College. hautaud@alpenacc.edu hautaud@alpenacc.edu