2. Stages Early Colonial Period, pre-1945s: -- minimal intervention, mainly on health & children/women services children/women services -- philanthropic welfare / clans / missionaries organisations organisations 1945 - 1970: 1945 - 1970: -- increasing state intervention -- increasing state intervention in housing and education, in housing and education, and later social security and later social security

3. Roots of Welfare ‘Confucianism’ (in a general sense) : on individual, family and gender Legacies from the colonial governing : capitalism and free market : capitalism and free market : on individualism and workfare : on individualism and workfare : an administrative structure : an administrative structure : a colonial government seeking legitimacy : a colonial government seeking legitimacy Though welfare expansion but in its unique path…. Though welfare expansion but in its unique path….

4. Stages 1970s: -- rapid expansion -- rapid expansion -- limited notion of right -- professionalisation of social work 1980s: -- privatisation -- management reforms -- ideological shift (commodity, pricing) -- service reforms (fee charging policy, customer role, private sector role, customer role, private sector role, home ownership, community care) home ownership, community care)

5. 1990s? Privatisation Structural reform Contract out (housing, social services, education) Cost-efficiency Public finance crisis...

6. Public Housing -- from resettlement to catering of social needs (lower class to middle class) needs (lower class to middle class) -- from rental-led to ownership strategy strategy -- from low-cost to medium cost housing cost housing -- from production / provision to assisted home scheme to assisted home scheme

8. Health -- heavily funded by government -- limited co-payment / insurance method -- management reforms from late 1980s from late 1980s Health Service Review 1998-99 Health Service Review 1998-99 : reorganisation of Hospital Authority : reorganisation of Hospital Authority : health insurance : health insurance : Private / public service linkage : Private / public service linkage

9. Social Welfare Services -- from remedial to developmental -- from the most vulnerable to other groups -- from service expansion to quality management quality management -- from state-subsidy to co-financing (income co-financing (income from other sources) from other sources) -- contract out; de-link of salary scale de-link of salary scale -- CSSA review

10. …. Issues Financial Crisis of the Government Financial Crisis of the Government Unemployment Unemployment Rediscovery of Poverty Rediscovery of Poverty Marginalisation and social division Marginalisation and social division Population policy Population policy