1. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach Chapter 6 The Self Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

2. Self-reflection in Adolescence What kind of person am I? What am I good at? How do other people see me? What kind of life will I have in 20 years?.... Enhanced cognitive capacity in adolescence means that adolescents change in their self-conceptions, self-esteem, and their emotional understanding. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

3. Culture and the Self Broad Socialization Narrow Socialization Promote Independent, individualistic self Promote Independent, individualistic self Encourage self- reflection Encourage self- reflection Self-esteem valued highly Self-esteem valued highly Interdependent self Interdependent self Needs and interests of others (i.e., groups) take precedence over self- esteem Needs and interests of others (i.e., groups) take precedence over self- esteem The term “Self-esteem” was first coined by William James, an American, in the late 19 th century.

4. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Childhood vs. Adolescence I have a dog named Jake and a brother named Silas. I’m good at sports, but not so good at school. I’m complicated. I’m sensitive, outgoing, popular and tolerant. I can be shy in some circumstances. I can also be self-conscious, even obnoxious when I’m upset….I have a positive view of humankind…. Concrete terms, related to traits Trait-focused, traits more abstract, personality characteristics

5. The Self in Adolescence The capacity for abstract thought means an adolescent can distinguish between: The capacity for abstract thought means an adolescent can distinguish between: Actual Self “Who I am”Actual Self “Who I am” Possible Selves “Who I might become”Possible Selves “Who I might become” Ideal Self “Who I would like to be” Ideal Self “Who I would like to be” Feared Self “Who I dread becoming” Feared Self “Who I dread becoming” Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

6. More Complex Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. I recognize contradictions in my personality…. Which is the REAL me??? I’m shy around my relatives, but outgoing with my friends…. I’m aware that I sometimes show a FALSE self to others that isn’t really the me or the way I think and feel The formal operational ability to perceive multiple aspects of a situation or idea mean that self-understanding becomes more complex in adolescence.

7. Clarifying the Difference Self-esteem Self-esteem Refers to a person’s overall sense of worth and well-beingRefers to a person’s overall sense of worth and well-being Self-concept Self-concept Refers to the way a person views and evaluates herself or himselfRefers to the way a person views and evaluates herself or himself (Also self-image or self-perception)

8. Development and Self-esteem Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Research has found declines in self-esteem from preadolescence to adolescence On the other hand, the degree of decline in self- esteem should not be exaggerated…

9. Self-esteem in Early Adolescence Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Self-esteem can go in a variety of different directions in early adolescence

10. Self-esteem: Defining Aspects Baseline Self-esteem Baseline Self-esteem Stable, enduring sense of worth and well-beingStable, enduring sense of worth and well-being Barometric Self-esteem Barometric Self-esteem Fluctuating sense of worth and well- being as one responds to different thoughts, experiences, etc. through the course of a dayFluctuating sense of worth and well- being as one responds to different thoughts, experiences, etc. through the course of a day Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

11. Adolescent Self-image: 8 Domains 1. Scholastic Competence 2. Social Acceptance 3. Athletic Competence 4. Physical Appearance 5. Job Competence 6. Romantic Appeal 7. Behavioral Conduct 8. Close Friendship Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Susan Harter (1989…2001)

12. Constructing Ideas Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Which of Harter’s eight aspects of self-image would you expect to be most important in adolescence? How might gender and culture impact this? Other factors? Physical Appearance!!

13. Influences on Self-esteem Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Feeling accepted by parents and peers Feeling accepted by parents and peers School success School success

14. Self-esteem in Emerging Adulthood Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. For most young people, self-esteem rises during emerging adulthood. Why might this be?

15. Experience Sampling Method “Beeper” studies in which adolescents are beeped at random times during the day and asked to record their emotional state “Beeper” studies in which adolescents are beeped at random times during the day and asked to record their emotional state Adolescents record feeling “self- conscious” and “embarrassed” 2-3 times more than adults Adolescents record feeling “self- conscious” and “embarrassed” 2-3 times more than adults Adolescents are “moodier” than preadolescents Adolescents are “moodier” than preadolescents Adolescents experience more negative moods than preadolescents Adolescents experience more negative moods than preadolescents Older adolescents were less volatile (fewer extremes) in emotions than younger adolescents Older adolescents were less volatile (fewer extremes) in emotions than younger adolescents Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

16. Decline in Average Emotional States Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. (Larson et al, 2002) Average emotional states decline from grade 5 through 11 and then appear to level off at grade 12 Reflect upon the consistently higher numbers for girls than for boys

17. Identity: Erik Erikson’s Theory Erikson (1902-1994) drew on experience as a teacher, psychoanalyst, ethnographer, & therapist Erikson (1902-1994) drew on experience as a teacher, psychoanalyst, ethnographer, & therapist Developed comprehensive theory of human development across the lifespan Developed comprehensive theory of human development across the lifespan Primary focus was adolescence, the time of greatest influence on identity development Primary focus was adolescence, the time of greatest influence on identity development Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

18. Identity, Erikson, & Crisis Each life period is characterized by a particular development issue or “crisis” Each life period is characterized by a particular development issue or “crisis” For each issue or crisis there is a developmentally healthy path and an unhealthy path For each issue or crisis there is a developmentally healthy path and an unhealthy path Crisis in infancy is “trust vs. mistrust” – the healthy path is establishing secure trust with care provider, the unhealthy path is mistrust (results from a failure to establish a secure sense of trust) Crisis in infancy is “trust vs. mistrust” – the healthy path is establishing secure trust with care provider, the unhealthy path is mistrust (results from a failure to establish a secure sense of trust) Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

19. Identity “Crisis” in Adolescence Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Establishing a clear and definite sense of who you are and how you fit into the world around you. Failure to form a stable and secure identity. Identity Achievement vs. Identity Confusion Keep in Mind… Achieving identity involves exploration – sifting through life choices, trying out possibilities, and ultimately making commitments. Crisis has been equated with “Exploration”

20. More Identity Exploration Psychosocial Moratorium: a period when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try on various possible selves Psychosocial Moratorium: a period when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try on various possible selves Identity formation is founded partly on identifications made in childhood Identity formation is founded partly on identifications made in childhood For example, children identify with parentsFor example, children identify with parents Adolescents reflect on identifications and decide which they want to embraceAdolescents reflect on identifications and decide which they want to embrace Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

21. Research on Identity: James Marcia Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Commitment Commitment ExplorationYesNo YesAchievementMoratorium NoForeclosureDiffusion Inspired by Erikson’s theory, Marcia constructed the Identity Status Interview that classified adolescents into one of four identity statuses

22. Four Identity Statuses: Examples Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Identity Status Example Diffusion “I’m not worried about what to do after school…who cares.” Moratorium “I want to be a marine biologist, no… a lawyer, no…a hairdresser like my best friends’ mom.” Foreclosure “I never had to think about what to do, I’m taking over the farm from Dad.” Achievement “After studying in Peru, I realize I cannot work for a large corporation, I am going to be a nurse.”

23. Gender and Identity I’ll put my plans to explore different careers on hold because it’s important that I maintain my relationship. My fiancé is planning to study engineering, and I’ll move to Chicago with him to support his studies… Young women tend to have more difficulty than young men in integrating their aspirations for love with their aspirations for work, in part because of gender double standards. Discuss in terms of the task of young adults to achieve intimacy vs. isolation. Consider this scenario in terms of gender and identity formation in adolescence and emerging adulthood…

24. Culture and Identity: Issues Conception of “self” is distinctly Western: More studies needed on identity development in non- Western cultures Conception of “self” is distinctly Western: More studies needed on identity development in non- Western cultures Psychosocial moratorium is more possible in some cultures than in others Psychosocial moratorium is more possible in some cultures than in others Limitations on exploration in love and work are tighter for girls in traditional cultures than for boys Limitations on exploration in love and work are tighter for girls in traditional cultures than for boys Only in recent history has the idea of questioning expectations and actively exploring alternatives become prevalent (in Western cultures) Only in recent history has the idea of questioning expectations and actively exploring alternatives become prevalent (in Western cultures) Globalization is impacting identity formation processes for young people around the world Globalization is impacting identity formation processes for young people around the world Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

25. Ethnic Identity (Phinney) Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Identification with Ethnic Group Identification with Ethnic Group Identification with Majority Culture HighLow HighBiculturalAssimilated LowSeparatedMarginal

26. Ethnic Identity: Examples Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Status Example (p. 183) Bicultural “Being both Mexican and American is the best of both worlds.You have different strengths you can draw on in different situations.” Assimilated “I don’t really think of myself as Asian American, just as American.” Separated “I am not part of two cultures. I am just Black.” Marginal “When I’m with my Indian friends, I feel White, and when I’m with my White friends, I feel Indian. I don’t really feel I belong with either of them.”

27. Globalization and Hybrid Identity Many young people around the world develop a bicultural identity in relation to the global culture Many young people around the world develop a bicultural identity in relation to the global culture An increase in the pervasiveness of identity confusion/ marginalized identity An increase in the pervasiveness of identity confusion/ marginalized identity Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. Hybrid Identity = integrating local culture with elements of global culture

28. The Self, Alone Being alone can be constructive, a time for reflection Being alone can be constructive, a time for reflection Social Loneliness – when people feel they lack sufficient social contacts and relationships Social Loneliness – when people feel they lack sufficient social contacts and relationships Emotional Loneliness – when people feel they lack sufficient closeness and intimacy Emotional Loneliness – when people feel they lack sufficient closeness and intimacy Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. American adolescents spend about one-fourth of their time alone. Keep in Mind… Being alone does not imply loneliness and being with others does not imply the absence of loneliness.