1. Figure 2.17b Mendel’s Peas Our Origins, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Mendel and Darwin’s missing evidence

3. Figure 2.21a Fruit Fly Mutations Our Origins, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Mutation and genetic variability: Morgan’s fruit flies

4. Human phenotypes Most human phenotypic characteristics not expressed as Mendelian alternatives. Continuous vs. discrete characters.

7. Figure 2.1 The Tree of Life

8. Mitochondria

9. Somatic tissue

13. Bone

15. Bone production

16. Modeling bone

17. Melanocytes Somatic tissue Skin

18. Gametes

21. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid 1. Nuclear DNA –In nucleus of cell + proteins, form a chromosome –A set of DNA molecules is called a genome. 2. Mitochondrial DNA –In mitochondria Cytoplasmic organelle –Inherited from mother only

22. DNA structure Double helix Basic building block is the nucleotide –phosphate group + deoxyribose + base Bases: adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine Complementary base pairs: A-T; G-C

23. DNA function 1. replication Long, thin molecules All the DNA in a human individual: c. 200 times the distance from the Earth to the sun.

24. Backbone does not vary within or between DNA molecules So backbone can be represented by a straight line Replication: Each of the 2 replicated molecules have 1 parent strand (old) and 1 daughter strand (new) Complementary base pairing