1. Science and Scientific Worldviews? B Gustafsson Cemus August 31, 2007 Master Course, Leccture 1

2. Definition: Wikipedia (Karl Popper) Science (from the Latin scientia, ' knowledge ') is a system of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method, as well as the organized body of knowledge gained through such research.

3. Scientific method Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on gathering observable,empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning, the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.

4. - gathering observable,empirical and measurable evidence… Both unconditioned observations (prior to any theory) and observations of results of designed experiments Information must be reliable, i.e. repeatable (and reproduceable) as well as relevant to the inquiry So, what does this exclude?

5. We will get a description we (in principle) can share with everybody. Is that all that is ”true knowledge”?

6. Control Actively and fairly sampling the range of possible occurences -- not only passive acceptance of data that happen to be available to balance bias Identification and study of possible errors Archiving, sharing of data, publishing, double checks by colleagues Testing by applying (technology)

7. Hypotheses and theories Theories may bind hypotheses together Formulation of hypotheses -- ”all means allowed” Science: testing of accuracy of hypotheses Structuring of theories: if possible -logical, with little or no contradictions: they should be consistent -range of validity should be explored and defined Theories do NOT replace hypotheses!

8. Rules of thumb for making hypotheses Ockham’s razor You must be able to tell how one could refute it (Popper) How about the converse? Search for the most probable hypothesis to explain the observed data (”abduction”)

9. Testing teories Internal consistency Experimental verification of PREDICTIONS Power of a theory -- predictive power UTILITY TEST! Ability to stimulate work -- and alternative theories!

10. How to find causes (explantions) Time-order relation (A -> B) Co-variation of A and B Elimination of other possibilities Theoretical consistency (?)

11. Positivism (August Comte): The only authentic knowledge is that derived by the scientific method cf Hermeneutics: Theories of the interpretation and understanding of texts and also of human behaviour a more individually centered perspective

12. Reductionism: Enteties on one kind are reduceable to enteties of another, e.g. Mental events to chemical events Social processes to actions and relationships between individuals Biological organisms to physical systems Planets to elementary particles

13. Critique against the Scientific Method Thomas Samuel Kuhn (”The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”, 1962): actual methods used differ dramatically! Paul Feyerabend (”Against method”, 1975): Scientific progress is NOT the result of applying any particular method. ”Anything goes” Michael Polanyi (”Personal knowledge”, 1958): Scientists must follow personal passions in appraising facts and determining relevance

14. Postmodern critique Jean-Francois Lyotard (La Condition Postmoderne: Rapport sur le savoir, 1979): ”Metanarratives of progress” -- positivist science, Marxism, structuralism, … are defunct as methods of progress. They are just ”stories” told in order to legitimise various versions of ”the truth”. ”Whose truth” is the question to ask! Is modern science just ”customized for the capitalist market?” Relativism; may indirectly legitimise other approaches such as ”Ideological-religious science”. ”Science war” still going on. ”Social construct of what?”

15. What is characteristic of the scientific worldview(s)? Common (if you follow the rules). Whose rules then?

16. What is characteristic of the scientific worldview(s)? Common => Simplified, reductionistic, logical, mechanistic

17. What is characteristic of the scientific worldview(s)? Common => Simplified, reductionistic, logical, mechanistic Useful (for whom?)

18. What is characteristic of the scientific worldview(s)? Common => Simplified, reductionistic, logical, mechanistic Useful Non-trivial (and even unexpected!)

19. What is characteristic of the scientific worldview(s)? Common => Simplified, reductionistic, logical, mechanistic Useful Non-trivial Beautiful

20. What is characteristic of the scientific worldview(s)? Common (if you follow the rules). => Simplified, reductionistic, logical, mechanistic Useful Non-trivial Beautiful Consistent (”more than we had any reason to expect”)

21. What is characteristic of the scientific world view(s)? Common => Simplified, reductionistic, logical, mechanistic Useful Non-trivial Beautiful Consistent Bizarre

22. One example: Black holes ”The most delightful objects of Nature” Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Predicted by General Relativity in 1916