1. Scientific Method Raise question Gather data

2. Scientific Method Raise question Gather data Form hypothesis Test and modify hypothesis

3. Peer-Reviewed Journals

4. Science “Magazines”

5. Scientific Method Scientific Theory Scientific Law “Le château des Pyrénées” (Castle in the Pyrenees) (1961)

7. “Stuff” of the Universe The Raw Materials for Planets, Rocks and Life

8. Matter & Energy

9. Phases of Matter Solid Gas Liquid Determined by temperature and pressure

10. Rock

11. Atomic Particles Atoms (Elements) Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds) Rocks Earth Living Things Biosphere

12. Atomic Structure What are atoms made of? ParticleCharge Weight (amu) Proton (p) +1 Electron (e) -~0 Neutron (n) 01

13. Atomic Structure

14. Silicon Atoms

15. Atomic Number = Number of Protons Importance of Protons

16. Elements Iron Carbon Gold

17. Periodic Table of the Elements

18. The most abundant element in the universe: Hydrogen Large Magellanic Cloud

19. Crust Whole Earth Oxygen(O)46.3 %29.5% Silicon (Si)28.2%15.2% Aluminum (Al)8.2%1.1% Iron (Fe)5.6%34.6% Calcium (Ca)4.1%1.1% Sodium (Na)2.4%0.6% Potassium (K)2.1%0.1% Magnesium (Mg)2.3%12.7% All others0.5%5.1% Abundance of the Elements (wt. %): Solid Earth

20. Abundance of the Elements (wt.%): Living Things Human AlfalfaBacteria Oxygen(O)62.8%77.9%73.7% Carbon (C)19.4%11.3%12.1% Hydrogen (H)9.3%8.7%9.9% Nitrogen (N)5.1%0.8%3.0% Phosphorous (P)0.6%0.7%0.6% Sulfur (S)0.6%0.1%0.3%

21. Atomic Weight = number of protons + neutrons Importance of Neutrons

22. Quiz - Lithium Atomic Number = Atomic Weight = 3 7

23. Isotopes

24. Importance of Electrons Atoms vs. Ions (atomic weight = 23) Charge = 0 X

25. Importance of Electrons Positive Ions (atomic weight = 23) Charge = +1 Sodium Ion 10e

26. Importance of Electrons Ions (atomic weight = 18) Charge = 0 Chlorine 9e 9p 9n (atomic number = 9)

27. Importance of Electrons Negative Ions (atomic weight = 18) Charge = -1 Chlorine Ion 10e 9p 9n (atomic number = 9)

28. Atomic Particles Atoms (Elements) Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds) Rocks Earth Living Things Biosphere

29. Bonding forms Compounds

30. Bonding and Crystalline Structure

31. Halite

32. Graphite

33. Atomic Particles Atoms (Elements) Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds) Rocks Earth Living Things Biosphere

34. Energy Sun - Tuesday, April 4, 2006 Types Kinetic Mechanical Electromagnetic Electricity Heat Potential Chemical

35. Electromagnetic Spectrum

36. Energy: Quality Low Quality High Quality (disorganized concentrated)

37. Rules of the Universe Conservation of Matter 1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy) 2nd Law of Thermodynamics (Entropy) “You can’t thrown anything away” “You can’t get something for nothing” “In fact, you can’t even break even”

38. Earth: Open or Closed System?

39. Earth: Matter does not come and go Earth is a Closed System to Matter

40. Biogeochemical Cycles: Reservoirs & Pathways Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere

41. Some Major Cycles of Matter Water Cycle Rock Cycle Chemical Cycles Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorous Sulfur

42. Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere

43. Carbon Cycle: Reservoirs Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere 1x (= 7.3x10 17 grams carbon) 3x 55x 35,000x

44. Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Photosynthesis Respiration& Decay

45. Carbon Transfer: Biosphere Atmosphere Photosynthesis (Atmosphere to Biosphere) Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight --> Sugar + Oxygen Respiration (Biosphere to Atmosphere) Sugar + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

46. Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Photosynthesis Respiration& Decay Burial & Lithification Weathering & Volcanism Dissolution Photosynthesis Burial & Lithification Exsolution

47. Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Human Impacts Burning fossil fuels: Increased combustion Deforestation: Decrease Photosynthesis Increase Respiration Net Effect: Increase in Carbon in Atmosphere

48. Earth: Earth constantly gains & loses energy Earth is a Open System to Energy Heat Sunlight

49. Earth: Open or Closed System? Mostly Open to Energy Mostly Closed to Matter