2. Dr. Martin T. Auer MTU Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Surface Water Quality

3. water supply wastewater discharge recreation Surface Water Quality Management

4. Add Clark In A Watershed Everyone Lives Downstream

5. water supply wastewater discharge recreation Surface Water Quality Management

6. Temperature and the Density of Water 1.0000 0.9995 0.9990 0.9985 0.9980 0.9975 0.9970 0.9965 0.9960 0.9955 0.9950 Density (g∙cm 3 ) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Temperature (°C) Maximum Density 3.94 °C

7. Thermal Stratification spring summer Temperature (°C)

8. Thermal Stratification

9. Seasonality in Stratification and Mixing  = °C

10. Dollar Bay - Temperature 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Depth (m) 0 5 10 15 20 Temperature (°C) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Depth (m) M A M J J A S O N D

11. You are what you eat. For example, there’s this lake …

12. … and there’s that lake.

13. Oligotrophic Low in algae High transparency Cold water fishery Eutrophic High in algae Low transparency Warm water fishery Trophic State

14. The Limiting Nutrient Concept The Supplies The Product

15. The Divided Lake

16. Productivity and Oxygen

17. Trophic State and Oxygen Profiles Oligotrophic Lake Eutrophic Lake Temperature (°C)

18. Dollar Bay - Temperature 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 5 10 15 20 Temperature (°C) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Depth (m) M A M J J A S O N D

19. Dollar Bay – Dissolved Oxygen Depth (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Dissolved Oxygen (mg∙L -1 ) M A M J J A S O N D

20. Onondaga Lake – Dissolved Oxygen

21. Oneida Lake – Dissolved Oxygen

22. Lake Erie – Dissolved Oxygen

23. Gulf of Mexico – Dissolved Oxygen

24. Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism Aerobic (oxygen available) Anaerobic (oxygen not available)

25. Oligotrophic Low in nutrients, TP<10 Low in algae Oxygen at saturation High transparency Cold water fishery Deep lakes with steep sides and infertile, often rocky watersheds. Eutrophic High in nutrients, TP>20 High in algae Oxygen (+, epi), (-, hyp) Low transparency Warm water fishery Shallow lakes with gently sloping sides and cultivated, fertile watersheds.

26. Natural Eutrophication

27. Cultural Eutrophication

28. Lakes: Loss of Beneficial Use Nutrients – aesthetics, recreation, drinking water Microorganisms – recreation, drinking water Toxics – wildlife, drinking water heavy metals: cadmium, lead, mercury synthetic organic chemicals: DDT, PCB, dioxin

29. Engineering Approaches for Lake Management (Phosphorus) 1.Lake Protection Point source control (advanced waste treatment) Nonpoint source control

30. Engineering Approaches for Lake Management (Phosphorus) 1.Lake Protection Point source control Nonpoint source control (land use management)

31. Engineering Approaches for Lake Management (Phosphorus) 2. Diversion Onondaga Lake Seneca River METRO

32. Engineering Approaches for Lake Management (Phosphorus) 3. Hypolimnetic Aeration Support Raft Gas Vent Support Cables Contact Chamber Air Line & Diffuser Ballast

33. Engineering Approaches for Lake Management (Phosphorus) 4. Sediment Inactivation

34. Engineering Approaches for Lake Management (Phosphorus) 5. Dredging

35. Engineering Approaches for Lake Management (Phosphorus) 6. Algicides

36. Engineering Approaches for Lake Management (Phosphorus) 7. Biomanipulation

37. River Water Quality

38. Add Clark In A Watershed Everyone Lives Downstream

39. Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD exerted, y BOD remaining, L

40. Dissolved Oxygen Saturation and Deficit

41. Change in oxygen concentration = inputs from reaeration – losses to deoxygenation Dissolved Oxygen Sag Curve

42. Stream Zones and Biota

43. Organism Diversity and Abundance