2. Antioxidants

3. Oxidation Chemical rx in which atoms lose electrons May result in free radical formation

4. Structure of Atoms Atom: the smallest unit of matter. Atoms are composed of Nucleus – positively charged center portion of the atom Electrons – negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus

5. Oxidation Molecules are composed of atoms. During metabolic reactions, electrons can be transferred From the atoms of one molecule To the atoms of another molecule

6. Oxidation

7. Oxidation: the loss of electrons from a molecule. Reduction: the gain of electrons by a molecule. Oxidation and reduction usually occur together as an exchange reaction.

8. Oxidation Stable atoms contain an even number of paired electrons. Free radical: an atom that has lost an electron and is left with an unpaired electron. Free radicals are highly reactive and can cause damage to molecules in the cell.

9. Free Radicals and Diseases

11. Antioxidants Substances that are able to neutralize reactive molecules and reduce oxidative damage Result of metabolic processes and environmental sources Vitamin C, Vitamin E, beta-carotene, Vitamin A, selenium, iron, zinc, copper and manganese

13. Vitamin E Functions: Anti-oxidant Guards against damage to membranes from oxidizing compounds Deficiency: Rare (premature infants under 3.5 pounds, people unable to absorb fat or metabolize fat properly Suppresses the immune system because vitamin E protects White Blood Cells

15. Vitamin E Toxicity: Rare Sources:Vegetable oils, nuts and green leafy vegetables, fortified cereals

16. There's sweet news about hot cocoa Hot cocoa tops red wine and tea in antioxidants; may be healthier choice More antioxidants per cup than a similar serving of red wine or tea per serving basis, the antioxidant concentration in cocoa was the highest: It was almost 2 times stronger than red wine, 2-3 times stronger than green tea, and 4-5 times stronger than that of black tea New research underlines antioxidant activity in chocolate New research underlines antioxidant activity in chocolate Vitamin E tocotrienol shows brain protection promise Vitamin E tocotrienol shows brain protection promise

17. Vitamin C Functions Collagen Formation antioxidant reduce cancer risk helps absorb iron from food Reduces risk of colds????? probably not Linus Pauling’s study NutraIngredients

19. Vitamin C Deficiency: called scurvy poor formation of collagen in blood vessels weak vessels result in hemorrhages can be severe and result in lots of blood loss and death Toxicity: may result in kidney stones rebound scurvy Destruction of B12 Problems with acid/base balance

20. Vitamin C: RDA 90/75 mg/day Foods rich in vitamin C: 1 cup fresh squeezed orange juice: 124 mg 1 cup canned o.j.: 84 mg Smoker’s RDA = +35 mg/day Some of vitamin C is sacrificed in reducing the oxidants of cigarette smoke Vitamin C intake offers protection against stomach cancer Vitamin C intake offers protection against stomach cancer

21. Beta-Carotene-provitamin Functions Weak antioxidant Enhance immune system Protect skin and eyes Deficiency/toxicity

22. Beta-Carotene-provitamin No RDA Sources

23. Vitamin A Functions Vision: helps with conversion of light energy to electrical energy in eye Cell differentiation-maintenance of linings: helps produce the CHO normally found in mucous Bone growth: helps with remodeling growing bones

25. Vitamin A Deficiency One year supply in fat and liver of most people: So deficiencies are rare Bone growth and remodeling problems shape changes Linings deteriorate GI tract: diarrhea Respiratory tract: infections urogenital tract: infections, kidney stones Impaired night vision and day vision

26. Vitamin A Toxicities Bones: decalcification, joint pain Nervous system loss of appetite, irritability, muscle weakness Liver enlargement jaundice Blood: RBCs loose hemoglobin Bleeding induced easily

27. Beta carotene and Vitamin A

28. Vitamin A RDA= 700 RE for females; 900 RE for males. RE= Retinol Equivalent Retinol is the active form of vitamin A Other molecules can be metabolized to make Retinol, thus retinol equivalents e.g.: beta carotene can be modified to make retinol beta carotene is found in carrots and other deep orange and green vegetables 1 RE= 1 microgram of retinol 1 RE= 3.3 IU retinol 1 RE = 12 micrograms of beta carotene

29. Selenium Functions Antioxidant system Thyroxine and immune function Deficiency Keshan disease Impaired immune response, cognitive function, muscle pain, wasting The Link between Selenium and Chemoprevention: A Case for Selenoproteins -- Diwadkar-Navsariwala and Diamond 134 (11): 2899 -- Journal of Nutrition The Link between Selenium and Chemoprevention: A Case for Selenoproteins -- Diwadkar-Navsariwala and Diamond 134 (11): 2899 -- Journal of Nutrition

30. Selenium – RDA 55 mg/day Sources Nuts Seafood Pasta

31. Disorders related to Oxidation Cancer - Definitions Cancer: uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells Tumor: mass of cancer cells benign tumor (non-harmful, non-invasive) malignant tumor (harmful, invasive) Metastatic Cancer: spreading

32. Cancer Facts US men have a 1 in 2 lifetime risk US women have a 1 in 3 lifetime risk 1,220,000 new malignant cancer cases in 2000 552,000 cancer deaths in 2000 Cancer the Top Killer for Those Under 85 – Jan 20, 2005

33. Cancer Trends JNCI, 1999 1990-1996 All cancer incidence declined by 2.2% -4.1% males -0.5% females USATODAY.com - Cancer deaths lowest in 7 decades USATODAY.com - Cancer deaths lowest in 7 decades

34. US Mortality, 2000 Source: US Mortality Public Use Data Tape 2000, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002. 1. Heart Diseases 710,76029.6 2.Cancer553,09123.0 3.Cerebrovascular diseases167,661 7.0 4.Chronic lower respiratory diseases122,009 5.1 5.Accidents (Unintentional injuries)97,900 4.1 6.Diabetes mellitus69,301 2.9 7.Influenza and Pneumonia65,313 2.7 8.Alzheimer’s disease49,558 2.1 9. Nephritis37,251 1.5 10.Septicemia31,224 1.3 RankCause of Death No. of deaths % of all deaths

35. 2004 Estimated US Cancer Deaths* ONS=Other nervous system. *Excludes basal and squamous cell skin cancers and in situ carcinomas except urinary bladder. Source: American Cancer Society, 2003. Men 285,900 Women 270,600 25%Lung & bronchus 15%Breast 10%Colon & rectum 6%Pancreas 6%Ovary 4%Leukemia 3%Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 3%Uterine corpus 2%Brain/ONS 2%Multiple myeloma Lung & bronchus32% Prostate10% Colon & rectum10% Pancreas5% Leukemia5% Non-Hodgkin4% lymphoma Esophagus4% Liver/intrahepatic3% bile duct Urinary bladder3% Kidney3%

36. The Cancer Development Process Initiation Alterations in DNA minutes - days Causes: radiation chemical carcinogens viruses

37. The Cancer Development Process Promotion “locking” DNA alterations failure of DNA repair mechanisms months - years

38. The Cancer Development Process Cancer Progression Uncontrolled growth of cancer cells malignancy and metastasis weeks to years

39. Cancer Development http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/cancer/activities/activity2_animations.htm

41. Diet and Cancer Development Initiation Dietary sources of carcinogens aflatoxin mold from peanuts benzopyrene from charbroiled meats nitrosamine from cured meats AICR Press Corner - Recent News Protection phytochemicals antioxidants dietary fiber Study will assess effect of tomato oil on precancerous prostate changes Study will assess effect of tomato oil on precancerous prostate changes

42. Diet and Cancer Development Promotion Fat and PUFA excess alcohol Progression excess Fat and calories Alaska Journal of Commerce Online

43. Diet and Cancer ACS 2000 One third of cancer deaths in US is due to cigarette smoking One third of cancer deaths in US is due to diet 5-10% of cancers are hereditary NutraIngredients

44. 1999 ACS Dietary Guidelines Choose most of the foods you eat from plant sources. Five A DayHealthy fruit and veg compounds being lost in processingHealthy fruit and veg compounds being lost in processing low in fat and calories high in folic acid, vitamin C, beta-carotene high in fiber high in phytochemicals ABC News: Turn to Tomatoes for Prostate Health ABC News: Turn to Tomatoes for Prostate Health FOXNews.com - Health - Vitamin D May Lower Some Cancer Risk FOXNews.com - Health - Vitamin D May Lower Some Cancer Risk

45. Trends in Consumption of Recommended Vegetable and Fruit Servings (5 or more) for Cancer Prevention, Adults 18 and Older, US, 1994- 2000 * Includes fewer than 50 states and the District of Columbia. All other prevalences include the 50 states and District of Columbia. Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001. Prevalence (%) 1994* 19961998 2000

46. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk factors Smoking Hypertension High LDL Obesity Sedentary life style Nutrition Notes: How to fight inflammation - Nutrition Notes - MSNBC.com Nutrition Notes: How to fight inflammation - Nutrition Notes - MSNBC.com

48. CVD and Antioxidants Scavengers Donates electrons Reduction of inflammation Enhances immune system Reduction of blood coagulation

49. Vision impairment Macular degeneration Promising results Cataracts Mixed results