2. Interaction – Speech and Pen

3. Natural input Universal design Take advantage of familiarity, existing knowledge Alternative input & output Multi-modal interfaces Getting “off the desktop”

4. Speech dialogue Why use it? – Hands busy – Mobility required – Eyes occupied – Conditions preclude use of keyboard – Visual impairment – Physical limitation

5. Speech Input Speaker recognition – Tell which person it is (voice print) – Monitoring, recording Speech recognition – Identify words – IBM ViaVoice, Dragon Dictate,... Natural language understanding – (does not necessarily involve audio)

6. Recognition Dimensions Speaker dependent/independent – Parametric patterns are sensitive to speaker – With training (dependent) can get better Vocabulary – Some have 50,000+ words Isolated word vs. continuous speech – Continuous: where words stop & begin – Typically a pattern match, no context used Did you vs. Didja

7. Recognition Example: My flight experience uh, I started off as a private pilot and then I spent 20 years flying as a navigator on C130s in the air force and I currently fly as a first officer on the SAAB 340 turboprop. my flight experience a and I started off as a private pilot and I spent 20 years flying is a navigator on C-130s in the Air Force and I currently fly as a first officer on the sound 340 turboprop.

8. And another example Here here's one of the thoughts I'd throw in on that. I'd agree with Howard that the combination of checklists and flows is the way way to manage things best. hair and here's one of the outside troodon and an eye to agree with power that the domination checklists and flows is the way that managed things best

9. Errors Systems make four types of errors: – Substitution - one for another – Rejection - detected, but not recognized – Insertion - added – Deletion - not detected So how do you recover from an error?

10. Natural Language Understanding Putting meaning to the words Input might be spoken or typed Holy grail of Artificial Intelligence problems

11. Eliza - a “Faked” Understanding Person : Men are all alike. ELIZA : In what way? Person : They're always bugging us about something or other. ELIZA : Can you think of a specific example? Person : Well, my boyfriend made me come here. ELIZA : Your boyfriend made you come here? Person : He says I'm depressed much of the time. ELIZA : I am sorry to hear that you are depressed. Person : It's true. I am unhappy. ELIZA : Do you think coming here will help you not to be unhappy? Person : I need some help, that much seems certain. ELIZA : What would it mean to you if you got some help? Person : Perhaps I could learn to get along with my mother. ELIZA : Tell me more about your family http://www-ai.ijs.si/eliza/eliza.html Weizenbaum, J., "ELIZA -- A computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine", Communications of the ACM 9(1):36-45, 1966

12. NL Factors/Terms Syntactic – Grammar or structure Prosodic – Inflection, stress, pitch, timing Pragmatic – Situated context of utterance, location, time Semantic – Meaning of words

13. SR/NLU Issues Advantages Easy to learn and remember Powerful Fast, efficient (not always) Little screen real estate Disadvantages Assumes domain knowledge Doesn’t work well enough yet – Requires confirmation – And recognition will always be error-prone Expensive to implement Unrealistic expectations can generate mistrust

14. Speech Output Tradeoffs in speed, naturalness and understandability Male or female voice? – Technical issues (freq. response of phone) – User preference (depends on the application) Rate of speech – Technically up to 550 wpm! – Depends on listener Synthesized or Pre-recorded? – Synthesized: Better coverage, flexibility – Recorded: Better quality, acceptance

15. Speech Output Synthesis – Quality depends on software ($$) – Influence of vocabulary and phrase choices – http://www.research.att.com/~ttsweb/tts/demo.php#top http://www.research.att.com/~ttsweb/tts/demo.php#top Recorded segments – Store tones, then put them together – The transitions are difficult (e.g., numbers)

16. Designing Speech Interaction Constrain vocabulary – Limit valid commands – Structure questions wisely (Yes/No) – Manage the interaction – Examples? Slow speech rate, but concise phrases Design for failsafe error recovery Visual record of input/output Design for the user – Wizard of Oz

17. Speech Tools/Toolkits Java Speech SDK – FreeTTS 1.1.1 http://freetts.sourceforge.net/docs/index.php IBM JavaBeans for speech Microsoft speech SDK (Visual Basic, etc.) OS capabilities (speech recognition and synthesis built in to OS) (TextEdit) VoiceXML

18. General Issues – Speech/NL Who is in control - user or computer Initial training required Learning time to become proficient Speed of use Generality/flexibility/power Special skills - typing Screen space required Computational resources required

19. Non-speech audio Good for indicating changes, since we ignore continuous sounds – Traditionally used for warnings, alarms or status information Provides secondary representation – Supports visual interface – Provides information that helps reduce error Tradeoff in using natural (real) sounds vs. synthesized noises.

20. Non-speech audio examples Error ding Info beep Email arriving ding Recycle Battery critical Logoff Logon Others?

21. Pen, Touch, & Mobile interaction

22. Pen, Touch, & Mobile dialog Stylus or finger – Tradeoffs of each? Pen as a standard mouse (doubleclick?) Variety of platforms – Desktop touch screens or input pads (Wacom) – Tablet PCs – Handheld and Mobile devices – Electronic whiteboards Platforms often involve variety of size and other constraints

23. Mobile devices More common as more platforms available – PDA – Cell phone – Ultra mobile tablets – GPS Smaller display (160x160), (320x240) Few buttons, different interactions – Free-form ink – Soft keyboard – Numeric keyboard => text – Stroke recognition – Hand printing / writing recognition

24. http://www.oqo.com/ http://www.blackberry.com/

25. Soft Keyboard Presents a small diagram of keyboard You click on buttons/keys with pen QWERTY vs. alphabetical – Tradeoffs? – Alternatives?

26. Numeric Keypad You press out letters of your word, it matches the most likely word, then gives optional choices Faster than multiple presses per key Used in mobile phones http://www.t9.com/

27. Graffiti – Palm mobile devices – Unistroke recognition Experimental – Cirrin World level unistroke Other pen text input Quickwriting Harder to learn than graffiti

28. Hand Printing / Writing Recognition Recognizing letters and numbers and special symbols Lots of systems (commercial too) English, kanji, etc. Not perfect, but people aren’t either! – People - 96% handprinted single characters – Computer - >97% is really good

29. Recognition Issues Boxed vs. Free-Form input – Sometimes encounter boxes on forms Printed vs. Cursive – Cursive is much more difficult Letters vs. Words – Cursive is easier to do in words vs individual letters, as words create more context – Usually requires existence of a dictionary Real-time vs. off-line

30. Pen Gesture Commands -Might mean delete -Insert -Paragraph Define a series of (hopefully) simple drawing gestures that mean different commands in a system

31. Pen Use Modes Often, want a mix of free-form drawing and special commands How does user switch modes? – Mode icon on screen – Button on pen – Button on device

32. Error Correction Having to correct errors can slow input tremendously Strategies – Erase and try again (repetition) – When uncertain, system shows list of best guesses (n-best list) – Others??

33. Free-form Ink Ink is the data, take as is Human is responsible for understanding and interpretation Often time-stamped Applications – Signature verification – Notetaking – Electronic whiteboards – Sketching

34. Electronic whiteboards Smartboard and Mimio Can integrate with projection Large surface to interact with – Issues? http://www.smarttech.com/ http://www.mimio.com/

35. Touch tables Which techniques might be similar to smaller touchscreens? Which would differ? How similar and different from interactive white boards? Microsoft Surface

36. Real paper Anoto digital paper and pen technology (http://www.anoto.com/)http://www.anoto.com/ Other pens available: Issues? http://www.logitech.com/ http://www.epos-ps.com/

37. General Issues – Pen input Who is in control - user or computer Initial training required Learning time to become proficient Speed of use Generality/flexibility/power Special skills - typing Screen space required Computational resources required

38. Other interesting interactions Gesture input – Wii – Lots of other specialized hardware for tracking 3D interaction – Stereoscopic displays – Virtual reality Immersive displays such as glasses, caves Augmented reality – Head trackers and vision based tracking Tangible interaction – Use physical objects to express input