1. LING 388: Language and Computers Sandiway Fong Lecture 23: 11/14

2. Administrivia This Thursday –Laboratory Class –meet in Social Sciences 224

3. Last Time computation of predicate-argument structure –?- s(P, [i,hit,the,ball], []). P = s(np(i),vp(v(hit),np(det(the),n(ball)))) P = hit(i,ball) predicate: hit arguments: i ball –involved calling Prolog predicates from grammar rules {... } –headof(X,H) ?- headof(vp(v(hit),np(det(the),n(ball))),V). X = hit another application of {... } –counting # of a’s and b’s for modifying a regular grammar for a + b + –into a grammar for a n b n

4. Today’s Topics another step towards a simple language translator... –we can write a grammar for Japanese –differences between English and Japanese canonical word order syntax of wh-questions

5. Japanese head-final language –we introduced the notion “head of a phrase” (see last lecture) e.g. verb is the head of a verb phrase –hit the ball –ran noun is the head of a noun phrase –the man (that I saw) –the old man –John’s mother –Japanese sentence word order(canonical) Subject Object Verb cf. English word order –Subject Verb Object

6. Japanese head-final language –sentence word order(canonical) Subject Object Verb(Japanese) Subject Verb Object(English) example –John bought a book(English) –John a book bought(Japanese word order) –Taroo-ga hon-o katta(Japanese) –case markers ga = nominative case marker o = accusative case marker –note: no determiner present in the Japanese sentence

7. Japanese head-final language –sentence word order(canonical) Subject Object Verb –Japanese also allows “scrambling” e.g. object and subject can be switched in order Subject Object Verb Object Subject Verb *Subject Verb Object(still head-final) example –John bought a book(English) –John a book bought –Taroo-ga hon-o katta(Japanese - canonical) –hon-o Taroo-ga katta(Japanese - scrambled) –*Taroo-ga katta hon-o(English word order) –ga = nominative case marker –o = accusative case marker

8. Japanese example –John bought a book –John a book bought –taroo-ga hon-o katta –ga = nominative case marker –o = accusative case marker parser input –(as a Prolog list with case markers separated) –[taroo,ga,hon,o,katta] grammar rules –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). –vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). –transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. –nomcase --> [ga]. –acccase --> [o]. –np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. –np(np(hon)) --> [hon]. note: new nonterminals nomcase acccase do not create structure order of np, transitive in the VP reflects Japanese word order

9. Japanese example –John a book bought –taroo-ga hon-o katta –ga = nominative case marker –o = accusative case marker computation tree –?- s(X,[taroo,ga,hon,o,katta],[]). ?- np(Y,[taroo,ga,hon,o,katta],L1). ?- nomcase(L1,L2). ?- vp(Z,L2,[]). –?- np(Y,[taroo,ga,hon,o,katta],L1). Y = np(taroo)L1 = [ga,hon,o,katta] –?- nomcase([ga,hon,o,katta],L2). L2 = [hon,o,katta] –?- vp(vp(Z’,Y’), [hon,o,katta],[]). Z = vp(Z’,Y’) ?- np(Z’,[hon,o,katta],L1’). ?- acccase(L1’,L2’). ?- transitive(Y’,L2’,[]). 1.s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). 2.vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). 3.transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. 4.nomcase --> [ga]. 5.acccase --> [o]. 6.np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. 7.np(np(hon)) --> [hon].

10. Japanese example –John a book bought –taroo-ga hon-o katta –ga = nominative case marker –o = accusative case marker computation tree –?- vp(vp(Z’,Y’), [hon,o,katta],[]). ?- np(Z’,[hon,o,katta],L1’). ?- acccase(L1’,L2’). ?- transitive(Y’,L2’,[]). –?- np(Z’,[hon,o,katta],L1’) Z’ = np(hon)L1’ = [o,katta] –?- acccase([o,katta],L2’). L2’ = [katta] –?- transitive(Y’,[katta],[]). Y’ = v(katta) answer –?- s(X,[taroo,ga,hon,o,katta],[]). –X = s(np(taroo), vp(np(hon), v(katta))) 1.s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). 2.vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). 3.transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. 4.nomcase --> [ga]. 5.acccase --> [o]. 6.np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. 7.np(np(hon)) --> [hon].

11. Japanese example –John a book bought –taroo-ga hon-o katta –ga = nominative case marker –o = accusative case marker grammar –can be run “backwards” for sentence generation –we’ll need this query –?- s(s(np(taroo), vp(np(hon), v(katta))),L,[]). –L = [taroo, ga, hon, o, katta] 1.s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). 2.vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). 3.transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. 4.nomcase --> [ga]. 5.acccase --> [o]. 6.np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. 7.np(np(hon)) --> [hon]. Generator SentenceParse tree Parser SentenceParse tree

12. Japanese example –John a book bought –taroo-ga hon-o katta –ga = nominative case marker –o = accusative case marker query (generation) –?- s(s(np(taroo),vp(np(hon),v(katta))),L,[]). Y = np(taroo)Z = vp(np(hon),v(katta))) ?- np(np(taroo),L,L1). ?- nomcase(L1,L2). ?- vp(vp(np(hon),v(katta))),L2,[]). –?- np(np(taroo),L,L1). L = [taroo|L1] –?- nomcase(L1,L2). L1 = [ga|L2] –? - vp(vp(np(hon),v(katta))),L2,[]). Z’ = np(hon)Y’ = v(katta) ?- np(np(hon),L2,L3). ?- acccase(L3,L4). ?- transitive(v(katta),L4,[]). 1.s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). 2.vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). 3.transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. 4.nomcase --> [ga]. 5.acccase --> [o]. 6.np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. 7.np(np(hon)) --> [hon].

13. Japanese example –John a book bought –taroo-ga hon-o katta –ga = nominative case marker –o = accusative case marker query (generation) –?- vp(vp(np(hon),v(katta))),L2,[]). Z’ = np(taroo)Y’ = v(katta) ?- np(np(hon),L2,L3). ?- acccase(L3,L4). ?- transitive(v(katta),L4,[]). –?- np(np(hon),L2,L3). L2 = [hon|L3] –?- acccase(L3,L4). L3 = [o|L4] –?- transitive(v(katta),L4,[]). L4 = [katta|[]] 1.s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). 2.vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). 3.transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. 4.nomcase --> [ga]. 5.acccase --> [o]. 6.np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. 7.np(np(hon)) --> [hon].

14. Japanese example –John a book bought –taroo-ga hon-o katta –ga = nominative case marker –o = accusative case marker query (generation) –back-substituting... –?- np(np(taroo),L,L1). L = [taroo|L1] –?- nomcase(L1,L2). L1 = [ga|L2] –?- np(np(hon),L2,L3). L2 = [hon|L3] –?- acccase(L3,L4). L3 = [o|L4] –?- transitive(v(katta),L4,[]). L4 = [katta|[]] answer –L = [taroo, ga, hon, o, katta] 1.s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). 2.vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). 3.transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. 4.nomcase --> [ga]. 5.acccase --> [o]. 6.np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. 7.np(np(hon)) --> [hon].

15. Japanese wh-NP phrases –English –examples John bought a book Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(echo-question only) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) object wh-phrase case –complex operation required from the declarative form: »object wh-phrase must be fronted »do-support (insertion of past tense form of “do”) »bought  buy (untensed form) John bought a bookJohn bought whatwhat John boughtwhat did John boughtwhat did John buy

16. Japanese wh-NP phrases –English Who bought a book?(subject wh-phrase) *John bought what?(only possible as an echo-question) What did John buy?(object wh-phrase) –Japanese wh-in-situ: –meaning wh-phrase appears in same position as a regular noun phrase –easy to implement!(no complex series of operations) taroo-ga nani-o katta ka –nani: means what –ka: sentence-final question particle dare-ga hon-o katta ka –dare: means who

17. Japanese wh-in-situ: –taroo-ga nani-o katta ka nani: means what ka: sentence-final question particle –dare-ga hon-o katta ka dare: means who grammar –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). –vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). –transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. –nomcase --> [ga]. –acccase --> [o]. –np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. –np(np(hon)) --> [hon]. add new wh-words –np(np(dare)) --> [dare]. –np(np(nani)) --> [nani].

18. Japanese wh-in-situ: –taroo-ga nani-o katta ka nani: means what ka: sentence-final question particle –dare-ga hon-o katta ka dare: means who grammar –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y), nomcase, vp(Z). –vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z), acccase, transitive(Y). –transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. –nomcase --> [ga]. –acccase --> [o]. –np(np(taroo)) --> [taroo]. –np(np(hon)) --> [hon]. –np(np(dare)) --> [dare]. –np(np(nani)) --> [nani]. allows sentences –Taroo-ga hon-o katta –Taroo-ga nani-o katta (ka) –dare-ga hon-o katta (ka) How do we enforce the constraint that ka is obligatory when a wh-phrase is in the sentence?

19. Japanese wh-in-situ: –taroo-ga nani-o katta ka nani: means what ka: sentence-final question particle –dare-ga hon-o katta ka dare: means who grammar –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q), nomcase, vp(Z). –vp(vp(Z,Y)) --> np(Z,Q), acccase, transitive(Y). –transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. –nomcase --> [ga]. –acccase --> [o]. –np(np(taroo),notwh) --> [taroo]. –np(np(hon),notwh) --> [hon]. –np(np(dare),wh) --> [dare]. –np(np(nani),wh) --> [nani]. answer –employ an extra argument to encode the lexical feature wh (with values wh, notwh ) for nouns

20. Japanese wh-in-situ: –taroo-ga nani-o katta ka nani: means what ka: sentence-final question particle –dare-ga hon-o katta ka dare: means who grammar –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q1), nomcase, vp(Z,Q2). –vp(vp(Z,Y),Q) --> np(Z,Q), acccase, transitive(Y). –transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. –nomcase --> [ga]. –acccase --> [o]. –np(np(taroo),notwh) --> [taroo]. –np(np(hon),notwh) --> [hon]. –np(np(dare),wh) --> [dare]. –np(np(nani),wh) --> [nani]. answer –employ an extra argument to encode the lexical feature wh for nouns –propagate this feature up to the (top) sentence rule means adding extra argument Q to the VP nonterminal

21. Japanese wh-in-situ: –taroo-ga nani-o katta ka nani: means what ka: sentence-final question particle –dare-ga hon-o katta ka dare: means who grammar –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q1), nomcase, vp(Z,Q2), sf(Q1,Q2). –vp(vp(Z,Y),Q) --> np(Z,Q), acccase, transitive(Y). –transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. –nomcase --> [ga]. –acccase --> [o]. –np(np(taroo),notwh) --> [taroo]. –np(np(hon),notwh) --> [hon]. –np(np(dare),wh) --> [dare]. –np(np(nani),wh) --> [nani]. answer –employ an extra argument to encode the lexical feature wh for nouns –propagate this feature up to the s rule –add a sentence-final particle rule ( sf ) that generates ka when this feature is wh

22. Japanese wh-in-situ: –taroo-ga nani-o katta ka nani: means what ka: sentence-final question particle –dare-ga hon-o katta ka dare: means who grammar –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q1), nomcase, vp(Z,Q2), sf(Q1,Q2). –vp(vp(Z,Y),Q) --> np(Z,Q), acccase, transitive(Y). –transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. –nomcase --> [ga]. –acccase --> [o]. –np(np(taroo),notwh) --> [taroo]. –np(np(hon),notwh) --> [hon]. –np(np(dare),wh) --> [dare]. –np(np(nani),wh) --> [nani]. sentence-final particle rule ( sf/2 ) –sf(wh,notwh) --> [ka]. –sf(notwh,wh) --> [ka]. –sf(notwh,notwh) --> []. (empty) –sf(wh,wh) --> [ka].( example: dare-ga nani-o katta ka: who bought what )

23. Japanese wh-in-situ: –taroo-ga nani-o katta ka nani: means what ka: sentence-final question particle –dare-ga hon-o katta ka dare: means who computation tree –?- s(X,[taroo,ga,nani,o,katta,ka],[]). –X = s(np(taroo),vp(np(nani),v(katta))) –?- s(X,[taroo,ga,nani,o,katta],[]). –no s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q1), nomcase, vp(Z,Q2), sf(Q1,Q2). vp(vp(Z,Y),Q) --> np(Z,Q), acccase, transitive(Y). transitive(v(katta)) --> [katta]. nomcase --> [ga]. acccase --> [o]. np(np(taroo),notwh) --> [taroo]. np(np(hon),notwh) --> [hon]. np(np(dare),wh) --> [dare]. np(np(nani),wh) --> [nani]. sf(wh,notwh) --> [ka]. sf(notwh,wh) --> [ka]. sf(notwh,notwh) --> []. sf(wh,wh) --> [ka]. we may want to modifiy the parse tree to represent the sentence-final particle ka as well

24. Japanese grammar choices so far –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q1), nomcase, vp(Z,Q2), sf(Q1,Q2). could have written –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,notwh), nomcase, vp(Z,notwh). –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,Q1), nomcase, vp(Z,Q2), {\+ Q1=notwh ; \+ Q2=notwh }, sf. –sf --> [ka]. or –s(s(Y,Z)) --> np(Y,notwh), nomcase, vp(Z,notwh). –s(s(Y,Z,ka)) --> np(Y,Q1), nomcase, vp(Z,Q2), {\+ Q1=notwh ; \+ Q2=notwh }, sf. –sf --> [ka]. –generates different structures for declarative vs. wh-NP questions

25. Next Time we’ll look at wh-questions in English... and also take one more step towards our machine translator