1. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) I. The problem: Rationalism leads to dogmatism Empiricism leads to skepticism II. The Kantian Question: How is Metaphysics and Sciences Possible? His “transcendental approach”

2. III. Kant’s Copernican Revolution Metaphysical necessity and logical necessity Metaphysical necessity and logical necessity All objects of experience must confirm to our a priori forms of intuition: time and space All objects of experience must confirm to our a priori forms of intuition: time and space All experiences that are intelligible (possible to be objects of science) must confirm to our a priori categories All experiences that are intelligible (possible to be objects of science) must confirm to our a priori categories

3. IV. Noumenon and Phenomenon Noumenon (things-in-themselves) is the object of faith, not knowledge. Noumenon (things-in-themselves) is the object of faith, not knowledge. Our ideas of the noumenon are general notions that are neither abstracted from perception nor applicable to it, such as God, freedom, immortality. Our ideas of the noumenon are general notions that are neither abstracted from perception nor applicable to it, such as God, freedom, immortality. V. Basis of Morality Freedom: autonomous and heteronomous Freedom: autonomous and heteronomous God: necessary for conceiving justice God: necessary for conceiving justice Categorical and hypothetical imperatives Categorical and hypothetical imperatives Humans are ends-in-themselves Humans are ends-in-themselves

4. Daily One-minute Paper Daily One-minute Paper 1. What is the big point you learned in class today? 1. What is the big point you learned in class today? 2. What is the main, unanswered question you leave class with today? 2. What is the main, unanswered question you leave class with today?